Child obesity research paper
0)document actionsdownloadshare or embed documentsharing optionsshare on facebook, opens a new windowshare on twitter, opens a new windowshare on linkedinshare by email, opens mail clientembeddescription: obesity research paperview moreobesity research papercopyright: © all rights reserveddownload as docx, pdf, txt or read online from scribdflag for inappropriate contentbriana vincent engl 015 12/14/11final paper rough draft: obesity is a simple seven-letter word in the english language that is used quite frequently today. Although, some do realize that obesity is a nation wide problem, our society’s most crucial focus should pertain to the rising obesity rates in children. Sadly, this horrific epidemic affects more than 1/3 of the children in the united states (nanci, 12b). Do the economics and extreme stress levels in our home environments contribute to this massive struggle for children in today’s society? Although there are some programs being developed to help aid in the reduction of child obesity, we as a community aren’t putting in enough effort to tackle this epidemic properly. Child obesity rates, as high as they are today, can be viewed as a result of poor parental dietary supervision, lack of nutrition programs in our school systems, possible depression, technology, and lack of personal fitness activity. In order to reduce the alarming escalation rate of obesity in children, nutritional and physical education is essential. It must start with parents and schools to take the initiative to motivate children to live ier lifestyle. Unfortunately, if these high obesity rates aren’t taken more seriously, the children of our future will face serious consequences. The end, these children are our future, and we aspire to have healthier children to make our world a better place where they can thrive without having to worry about struggling with health problems. She states that researchers have understood that sometimes gaining a significant amount of weight can’t always be controlled. Do you still question why statistics have revealed that 1/3 of children are obese in today’s society? Childhood obesity results when a child’s health and/ or wellbeing is affected by their excessive weight. It has been noted, that resulting from unhealthy eating habits, children who are obese are more likely to develop serious illnesses like heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension later on in their life. What is most upsetting is the lack of control and knowledge these younger children have when it comes to healthy eating habits. Obesity can be heritable, and due to the high rate of adult obesity, more kids whose parents are overweight are likely to be overweight as well. Concerning this issue, it is essential that, when there is a genetic concern pertaining to obesity proper care is obtainable. It is in the child’s best interest if their parents seek medical and nutritional advice. Considering these cases, it is not the fault of the child’s genetic predispositions, but their health issues should not be ignored. Moreover, childhood obesity can be both a controllable and an uncontrollable disease; most importantly, i am focusing on the controllable aspects of childhood obesity. Although, these numbers seem small, when you take into account the amount of children that reside in our country today, the percents demonstrate that a change is needed. In 1999 a survey, called the national health and nutrition examination survey recorded that one out of every five children are overweight in society (bettelheim). Think about your neighborhood perhaps, for every five children that live on your block at least one of them will suffer from being overweight. Predictions given by nutritionists, as displayed in studies, have shown that if a child maintains a constant weight gain through the ages of 10 -13, then they are more likely to be obese when they enter into adulthood (bettelheim). These children will be placed at a higher risk for long-term health problems such as, high blood sugar, blood pressure, blood fats, and possibly face social humiliation from their and why do children become so overly obese? Some research shows that family has a huge impact on the weight gain and healthiness of the child; others will say the advertisements, for unhealthy foods, in the media have a greater impact than family. Therefore, due to constant advertisements of foods and drinks with high sugar and fat content, studies have shown that teen and young children obesity rates are definitely effected a great deal by the ads they view on the television screens (becker). A majority of the parents don’t monitor what their kids watch to begin with so nothing is really done to enforce that their children don’t pay attention to those ads. Another reason why parents probably wouldn’t care enough to stop their kids from paying attention to tv ads about fast food restaurants is because fast food provides a cheap and easy way to give your child dinner. Through the advertisements the media displays concerning food, including fast food restaurants and candy companies, much of the information is portrayed in ways that would definitely appeal to children. Furthermore, the two most important factors today that do indeed lead to child obesity are, the low prices and convenience of fast food restaurants along with the inactive lifestyles cents due to more time spent on computers, browsing the internet, playing video games, and amount of tv being watched (becker). An important statistic unearthed by the apa dealt with the idea that for every hour increase in the amount of television and young child watches, they will result in having higher daily intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages, fast, red and processed meat, and overall calories (apa). Studies have also shown that children who watch tv at least three hours a day are fifty percent more likely to become obese than children who watch tv for less than two hours a day (american psychology association). Concerning the long-term effects of childhood obesity, not only are the physical appearances of these children altered, but many psychological problems occur as well.
In overtly obese children, studies have shown that if their weight gain continues to increase they will acquire a low self-esteem, be less likely to marry, and are at risk for not being able to achieve professional success (bettelheim). I fear that children dealing with obesity have to cope with an excessive amount of negative social problems. How, as a whole nation, can we now start to make a difference in reducing the amount of obese children in our society today? President obama and his administration created a special white house task force on childhood obesity; while, first lady, michelle obama also launched her “let’s move” campaign in an attempt to end childhood obesity in this generation (mantel). The “let’s move” campaign aims to help children learn how to eat healthy and stay physically active. So far these two acts have shown our society that obesity is a real problem among children and that it is something that needs to be dealt with. Fortunately, having two of the most important role models in y today take actions in attempting to create more awareness of obesity, is a great start to help prevent childhood obesity. The council of better business bureaus in 2006 also made an attempt to help lower the child obesity rates. Huge companies like cadbury, coca-cola, hershey and mars have guaranteed they would not advertise any unhealthy food and beverage items on programming that was shown to children twelve and under (mantel). These courses should be taught to children in an extremely fun, creative, and applicable way. While learning in school, at the end of the day, children and parents should be encouraged to utilize the information provided to them in school, in their homes. The nation, as a whole, needs to make this a priority because the children and young adults of our society are our future leaders of tomorrow. If we feel good about ourselves, then the future will look bright in our attempts to make it a more productive and effective ended documentsdocuments similar to english paper final research paperskip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextthesis- english (teen obesity- theyan)research paper - childhood obesityresearch proposal on fast foodobesity project- main copy1childhood obesityparts of speechchild obesity research paperresearch paper about obesitychildhood obesitytackling childhood obesitychildhood obesity an ever growing complex issue reflective essayobesity research paperobesity research papertor 59 scheduleobesity research essaypersuasive speechhealth in community_epidemiology reportpersuasive speech on racismhepcom newsletter #2what is obesitycopyofresearchonobesitykirstenwilsonacupuncture and obecityhouse hearing, 111th congress - improving child nutrition programs to reduce childhood obesityschwarzkopf n 0508news4u paperilanthalir handoutnutrition education intervention improves nutrition knowledge,pedatric 4senate hearing, 107th congress - getting fit, staying healthygenre analysis finaldocuments about obesityskip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nexthouse hearing, 108th congress - the supersizing of americaasian journal april 16-22, 2010roza kolodnay v. 1997)d for thoughtlots to loseobesity treatmentheart and stroke foundationcia weightregainmenopausesenate hearing, 110th congress - promoting health, preventing chronic disease, and fighting hungercell metabolism ucla ate hearing, 109th congress - the promotion and advancement of women in sportscook v. Meat free mealsmore from briana vincentskip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextcscmp final reportenglish paper final research paperenglish paper final research papercsd 146briana vincent resumécscmpfinaldeliverable (1)best books about obesityketo diet: 100+ low-carb healthy ketogenic recipes & desserts that can change your life! Dialogthis title now requires a credituse one of your book credits to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the t h paper final research paperuploaded by briana vincentrelated interestsobesitychildhood obesitylet's move! Dialogthis title now requires a credituse one of your book credits to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the t search returned over 400 essays for "obesity children". Childhood obesity in america is a growing disease that has become an epidemic that has lasting psychological effects because of advertisement of fast food, lack of physical activities, and parental control has made food become a major health issue in many young teenagers’ lives today. This takes us to the focus of how childhood obesity has become an enormous issue today. For us to understand the impact of obesity and why we should prevent it, we will need to figure out the causes of obesity and what keeps people obese.... Schools and society are taking focussed actions aimed at increasing physical activity in children and helping lower the obesity rates that are becoming increasingly prevalent among young people. Statistics show that in australia, one- quarter of children is either overweight or obese as stated in (australian government: australian insisture of health & welfare, 2004). The focus of preventing obesity will be the two to six year old age group. Children who are obese face a number of factors that affect both their physical and emotional wellbeing.... The purpose of this paper is to choose a topic or theme related to family or family theory. The topic chosen is how parents’ socialization techniques and behaviors are contributing to childhood obesity. Based on a review of the literature, one thing learned was that the incidence of obesity from 1980 to 1999 has doubled in the united states (ogden, carroll & flegal, 2002 cited in o’dea & eriksen, 2010, pp.... Childhood obesity is a consequential medical condition that effects the youth and adolescence of society. Although childhood obesity is a world wide issue, the percentage of overweight children differs, especially throughout the united states. Today, the greatest population suffering from this disease are african american children who reside in the southern part of the country.... Many believe obesity shouldn’t even be considered a “disease” for a variety of reasons. Childhood obesity is a serious and common disease that is becoming more and more popular for children to be obese. With obesity in children being related to many health issues, it is important that we not only stop the rise in childhood obesity, but reverse it. With their health at risk, it is imperative that we assure our children are in good physical shape and at healthy weight levels.
Department of health and human services, “being overweight during childhood and adolescence increases the risk of developing high cholesterol, hypertension, respiratory ailments, orthopedic problems, depr... There is an obvious reason why children cannot drive when they feel like it, or go out and play wherever they choose. Children cannot have a cigarette or a beer either because if children did these things, they would certainly suffer the consequences, maybe with their lives. It sounds crazy to think of allowing kids to do anything dangerous, yet each day millions of american children slowly kill themselves with unhealthy dangerous foods. Percent of americans diagnosed with obesity in 2010, 17 percent of those were children between the ages of two and nineteen years old.... Childhood obesity is becoming more prevalent in the western world as statistics show that in australia, one quarter of children are either overweight or obese. So many divided on an issue that everyone can see; the health and welfare of children.... A significant part of the children and youth of lancaster are confronting an increasing danger. For instance the lancaster new era newspaper states that “about 18 percent of youths in pennsylvania are overweight and, according to preliminary data, the percentages are slightly higher than that in lancaster county” (“pa” d5).... Many people are starting to complain that the commercials and ads for these restaurants are the result of such an incline in obesity. Although there have been current ad campaigns aiming at children to live a healthy life style there are still hundreds of advertisements that are putting restaurants in a sort of ultimatum position.... The nation’s obesity epidemic has become so bad that it has taken over tobacco as the leading cause of preventable diseases” (gaffney). Health care costs linked to obesity and resulting conditions such as diabetes and heart disease are greater than those related to smoking and excessive drinking (gaffney). A child between the ages two to nineteen with a body mass index above the ninety-fifth percentile for his/her age, height, and sex by today’s standards are obese (singhal). This problem is a serious medical condition and can affect many children for years to come.... Children age 6 to 11 -approximately one in six children are victims of obesity-related illnesses that threaten to shorten their lives. Childhood overweight and obesity are public concerns because unhealthy weight is rapidly becoming the most prevalent nutrition problem of k-12 school age group in united states and around the world.... Obesity in children table of contents title page aims 1 introduction 2 theory of change 2 defining weight and obesity 4 statistics 4 research and studies 5 obesity causes in childhood and solutions physically inactive 6 genetics 7 selecting food 7 finance and economic status 8 effects of obesity on children 8 preventing obesity 9 evaluation 10 references 11 aims • raise awareness about obesity and its adverse health consequences, through an informative talk with the help of the local council.... In the past few years obesity among children has increased and has now become a major issue in this nation. Over twelve million children in the united states are obese and seven percent of those children are at risk of having type 2 diabetes. Obesity has become a burden to the united states economy and it is costing america $147 billion dollars a year. Obesity has been around for many years but has always been known to be an adult issue.... Introduction a very good indicator for the health of the nation is the national epidemic of childhood and adolescent obesity, currently a target objective for healthy people 2010 (dhhs). Million children between toddlers and school age who are obese, a prevalence of 17%, while children at risk for obesity have a prevalence of 16% (general). This condition crosses all age groups, ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds and is determined by the measurement of high body mass index (bmi), based on weights and heights in children.... I narrowed the search down to obesity and the population i would like to focus on is the adolescents. Health people 2010 identified overweight and obesity as one of the top ten leading health indicators that needs serious attention. Obesity has reached epidemic levels globally; being a significant threat to our own nation’s health. Adolescent obesity rates have more than tripled, as the adult obesity rate has doubled since 1980’s (trust for america's health, 2011a).... Obesity has become an epidemic in our world, it has many contributing factors, affects learning abilities but there are preventive methods for it. Although little is being done about obesity, it's affecting the lives of many but mostly children and by a multitude of different factors. Childhood obesity in america is a growing disease that has become an epidemic that has lasting psychological effects, because of advertisement of fast food, lack of physical activities, and parental control has made food become a major health issue in many young teenagers’ lives today. There are some that would argue to say that obesity is okay and that it is not that big of a deal, they are wrong.... No matter who is at fault, childhood obesity is very real and needs to be addressed.
Million obese children, are at risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer, asthma, and other pulmonary diseases, high cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, stroke, and other chronic illnesses (weiting 545. Childhood obesity is a health problem that is becoming increasingly prevalent in society’s youth. For a number of years, children across the nation have become accustomed to occasionally participating in physical activities and regularly snacking on sugary treats. In result of these tendencies, approximately one third of american children are currently overweight or obese (goodwin). According to patricia anderson and kristin butcher, authors of childhood obesity: trends and potential causes, “ by 1999-2002, nearly 15 percent of u. Causing health-related issues such as diabetes and heart complications, the control of obesity is ever-relevant and needs to be addressed in a timely manner.... Obesity is medical condition where excess body fat accumulates to an extent that it becomes harmful to the body. Medical practitioners consider obesity a chronic and life-long disease like diabetes and high blood pressure. This paper will look at the analysis of diabetes in young children, obesity, health education strategies and communication strategies used in nursing care and control of diabetes (benjamin, 2011, 108).... According to the center of disease control and prevention, “childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past 30 years. There have been several references to the school lunch program and the lack of physical activity that children are provided during the school day.... A child’s height, weight and age, can be measured by their physician, who can determine if they are above the normal range. Children are considered obese if their body mass index (bmi) falls in the 95th percentile range.... Childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past 30 years” (adolescent and school health), this is according to a report from the centers for disease control. Obesity is having an excessive amount of body fat or a high bmi, body mass index, not just being overweight. In recent years, policymakers and medical experts have expressed alarm about the growing problem of childhood obesity in the united states. Since the fast food industry is targeting america’s youth, providing healthier options on children’s menus will reduce the rate of childhood obesity and allow for a healthy future. According to “burger battles” from the weekly reader, obesity is defined as a person whose weight is 20 percent higher than recommended for their height (burger battles 1). When this condition begins to affect children lives, it is then known as childhood obesity. Within the united states of america, around 15 percent of children are considered to be obese (holguin 3).... The average school lunch has about 900 calories, which is about half of the amount of total calories a child should consume daily. If schools knew how healthier food would affect a child academically, they might be more inclined to pay. The centers for disease control and prevention report that over twenty-five million people in america have diabetes; 215,000 of those are children and over sixty-nine percent of all americans are overweight and obese.... Childhood obesity may not seem like a serious problem, but it is a serious medical condition that can have major effects on a child. Although genetics play a role in determining a child’s weight, it is usually due to a child’s amount of exercise and the consumption of healthy meals. Doctors are concerned with the issue, as we all should be, and they are creating new programs that are geared toward helping children learn how to follow a healthier lifestyle. There are some promising outlooks with these programs, and most doctors agree that parents should help their children create a more active and healthy lifestyle.... Children who become obese are caused by what’s within their genes, around them in their environment, or from behavior and habits.... The lack of physical activity in children is a growing problem due to the percentage of kids who are affected by obesity, the sugary food diets, and the lack of participation in physical activity; however, children who are physically active tend to have better health, an easier time learning, and have a higher self confidence. Obesity is determined by a formula called bmi and is calculated by dividing body weight by height squared. Obesity has been identified as an epidemic that is plaguing our children in the united states. This is not to say that in america there are no hungry or starving children. It has been proven that our children suffer from obesity, and “children who are overweight or obese as preschoolers are five times as likely as normal-weight children to be overweight or obese as adults” (“hope”).... Did you know more than 35% of adults and 17% of children and adolescents ages 2 – 19 in the united states are considered obese (bucci 32).
Obesity is a huge growing problem in not just the united states but everywhere that needs to be controlled. Fast food and technology are some of the main reasons you usually think of when you think of causes of obesity, but did you ever think that parents and family members have a huge part in the cause of obesity.... This is a label that we are not proud of and each day more and more people are becoming aware of the new epidemic called obesity. In the article “childhood obesity in new york city elementary school students”, the author lorna e. Findings from the most recent national health and nutrition examination survey indicate that in 1999-2000, the prevalence of obesity among children aged six through eleven years was 15 percent” (thorpe et al.... Obesity in children and teenagers has become a major problem in the world’s society. Obesity was considered to be caused simply by eating too much, as a result of psychological problems with food: using food to deal with depression, anxiety problems, even happiness” (currie-mcghee 220). You get there and after sitting down with your plate you notice a man with a child sitting at the table across from yours. You see that the man is feeding this child a stick of butter, spoonfuls of fat and washing it down with cups full of grease. Child abuse is defined by the cdc as the following; “…any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Initially, some people would say that there is someone to blame for childhood obesity, the parents. According to david rogers, public health spokesperson for the local government association, "parents who allow their children to eat too much could be as guilty of neglect as those who did not feed their children at all”. Obesity magnifies the risk of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other ailments–already overtaking tobacco as the leading cause of chronic illness (brownell and horgen 4).... Obesity rates among children and adolescents have more than doubled in the last three decades. In a national survey conducted in 2000, 16% of adolescents aged 12 to 19 and 15% of children ages 6 to 11 were obese. Investigative reports have revealed that the physician workforce has not been equipped to effectively deal with the prevention, detection and management of overweight children on their own.... More children in our society are becoming plagued with diseases that are associated with weight everyday. If it being looked deeper with or without we realizing, obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, and all this evidence suggests that the situation is likely to get worse. Childhood obesity has a lot of causes centering on an imbalance of energy taken in and the amount of energy used. Factors of childhood obesity include children having obese parents; low energy expenditure which is a low amount of physical activity is a factor and too much television which is a cause for low physical activity time. Obesity has become a burden to the united states economy and it is costing america “$147 billion” (holden, 2010) a year. Obesity is an abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more over an individual’s ideal body weight, and morbidly obese is when the body fat is 40% or higher. More recent guidelines for obesity uses a measurement called bmi (body mass index), which is the individual’s weight, multiplied by 703 and then divided by twice the height in inches. Some doctors are even calling childhood obesity an epidemic because of the large percentage of children being diagnosed each year as either overweight or obese. According to dash sixteen to thirty-three percent of american children each year is being told they are obese. Childhood obesity) there is only a small percentage, approximately one percent, of those children who are obese due to physical or health related issues; although, a condition that is this serious, like obesity, could have been prevented.... Children between the age of two and five have grown in obesity rate and adolescents aged twelve to nineteen have tripled in that rate. Obesity has not only grown over the span of fifteen years but has become an epidemic among young americans.... In order to impede the epidemic of childhood obesity, the actual causes of the problem need to be evaluated and dissected. The number of obese or overweight children has received more attention as the number has doubled in the last three decades (hotakainen). As children are becoming more susceptible to life-threatening diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, society has continued to grow concerned (oliver). Although parents should monitor their children’s weight, they are vulnerable to society’s (power) pressures and demands.... According to center for health, nearly one-third of children ages 6 to 19 years are either obese or at risk of becoming obese. Statistics indicate that the rate of obesity for boys and girls are similar, despite the marked increase in the number of overweight children from 1960 to 2002 (childhood overweight, 2005).
Moreover, the prevalence of childhood obesity has almost tripled in the past two decades, from 6. Morbid or extreme obesity is no longer a health concern exclusive to the adult population.... According to the national center for health statistics, the number of obese children ages 6-19 have tripled to 16% over the last twelve years.... A healthy, average 6-year-old child has the lowest bmi than any other time in his or her life. However, in this day and age overeating and other health habits have given evidence to research that this generation has the highest rates of obesity in children. Because childhood obesity continuous increase at an alarming rate in america, pediatric nurses must work with mainstream society to promote healthy eating, help implement a free class for parent’s to teach their kids on healthier l... Causes, dangers, and answers to childhood obesity imagine you are at school and you do not go to the playground or participate in physical activities. How would you feel when someone tells you that childhood obesity affects 31 percent of children in the united states. I am going to persuade you to believe there are dangers for children who are obese.... In an era when increasing obesity is threatening our nation, we are cutting the very programs that could help prevent childhood obesity. There is a decline in how much physical education and nutrition kids are receiving because of the pressures to test children to chart academic performances. I believe that by simply increasing funds given to schools can help them provide healthier food and will make them able to start new and more advanced health courses that begin early in a child’s life... Today, approximately 25 percent of children and teenagers are obese and the number is on the rise. Since the 1960’s childhood obesity has increased by 54 percent in children ages six to eleven. Silberstein, 1) childhood obesity is so prevalent among these age groups that it has reached epidemic proportions. Children who have parents or siblings who are overweight have an increased risk of becoming obese themselves.... Obesity is not just a modern day problem, ancient egyptians are said to consider obesity as a disease, having been drawn in a wall of depicted illnesses.... Studies prove, that children who were obese get 65 percent more likely to get bullied as their normal weight peers. There is an alarming rise in childhood obesity throughout the united states, making it an epidemic in our country. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the united states who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. The rapid increase of obesity among children and adolescents in the united states is considered as a population threat. Daniel weintraub wrote an article in the sacramento bee exclaiming his concern for childhood obesity, criticizing the “blame game”, and whom he believes is not taking enough responsibility for this horrendous epidemic that is sweeping our nation. Weintraub states that, “parents -- not the fast food companies, not the government-- are in the best position to fight the epidemic of overweight children. When one hears the word obesity thoughts that may come to mind are overweight, big, or even unhealthy. Obesity can happen to anyone for many reasons and it can be reversed many different ways. When compared to other forms of child abuse, the prevalence of neglect is experienced more (mcsherry, 2007; leeb, lewis, & zolotor, 2011), toping 70% in the year 2008, domestically (johnson-reid, drake, & zhou, 2012). However, on the surface, there appears to be a conscience that pushes away from the wide-ranging forms associated with neglect and focuses on the concrete and heinous behaviors of child physical and sexual abuse.... Childhood obesity in america is a growing disease that is slowly taking over the world because of the fast food industry, school lunch programs, and parental control. The number of overweight and obese children has increased at an outstanding rate over the past years, and there is no chance of it slowing down unless we do something about it. According to the author of the metamorphoses of fat- a history of obesity, one in five american kids and teens are overweight or obese; that is triple the rate in the 1960’s” (23).... The situation is becoming quite scary for children who are finding themselves overweight, out of breath, and unable to play with their friends. Older people typically know what got them into this situation and how to deal with it, but children don't know what they should do with obesity.... The public health issue of obesity "the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity particularly among children and adolescents is a severe public health problem" (bray, 2005).
Obesity has been associated with energy intake and expenditure imbalance, genetics, cultural, socioeconomic, behavioral, and situational factors all play a role in eating and weight control (bray, 2005).... Obesity in our children introduction in today’s ever changing world is important to understand the statistics behind obesity. The percentage of overweight children in the united states is alarming, with one out of three now considered either overweight or obese” nemours (2012). The body mass index is important for parents to understand and assist children in monitoring weight and exercise habits.... Greater attention, focus, and preventive measures should be placed on african american and hispanic children because they have the highest obesity rates. Children from poverty stricken families are also at greater risk for obesity than other socioeconomic groups (center for disease control and prevention, 2004).... The rate of obesity in america in 1990 was twelve percent (obesity in america); the average rate for obesity in 2013 was about twenty-seven percent (sharpe). Also, in the past thirty years, more than double of children in america have become obese, and the obesity rate in adolescents has tripled (adolescent and school health). Often, when children become obese during their childhood, they carry that weight on through their adult years.... Moreover, children are at risk of obesity because they do not eat enough fruits and vegetables and do not obtain enough physical activity. Also, children have a higher chance of developing health diseases related to obesity such as hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, heart disease, diabetes and pulmonary disease. In addition, obesity in children from ages one to seventeen is an issue in texas, since children are not aware of the serious consequences of being obese.... Physicians and researchers did numerous studies on children’s habits and lifestyles as an important part of society. As a result, researchers have learned that healthy habits could have a profound impact on the future of every child and get a better understanding of how children perceive healthy eating. Researchers have proved and would like to emphasize that obesity has tripled in canadian children in recent decades. Political factors -government policies/legislations on health and fitness due to the important consequences that obesity has on a country’s economy it gains a lot of attention from the federal and the state government. The division of nutrition, physical and obesity (dnpao) invests a lot of resources on the fight to the obesity. It also supports the single states through partnership development, implementation and evaluation guidance, training, surveillance and applied research.... A big, fat problem everything appears to be expanding and growing larger in america, including the children. Every single year the rates of overweight children steadily increase along with the healthcare and financial costs to support them. Nowadays, one third of children and adolescents in the united states are overweight or obese. To diminish this concerning issue, schools should implement and execute policies to help combat and prevent childhood obesity in order to avoid future repercussions.... Our free enter the title keyword:Childhood obesity research collection 2017elsevier and the editors of the following nutrition and health science journals would like to make these specially selected research papers on childhood obesity available free through october 15th, l of the academy of nutrition and dieteticssugar restriction leads to increased ad libitum sugar intake by overweight adolescents in an experimental test meal settingtribally affiliated child-care center environment and obesogenic behaviors in young l of nutrition education and behaviorfollowing suit: using conversation cards for priority setting in pediatric weight managementan exploration of how family dinners are served and how service style is associated with dietary and weight outcomes in ionlate-night overeating is associated with smaller breakfast, breakfast skipping, and obesity in children: the healthy growth studyweight following birth and childhood dietary intake: a prospective cohort studyassociation of the dopamine d2 receptor rs1800497 polymorphism and eating behavior in chilean ion, metabolism & cardiovascular diseasesrelationship between sleep duration and childhood obesity: systematic review including the potential underlying mechanismsideal cardiovascular health and inflammation in european adolescents: the helena studyrelationship between high white blood cell count and insulin resistance (homa-ir) in korean children and adolescents: korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2008– journal of nutritional biochemistryprenatal nutrition and the risk of adult obesity: long-term effects of nutrition on epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expressionobesity alters the ovarian glucidic homeostasis disrupting the reproductive outcome of female ratsobesity and malnutrition similarly alters the renin-angiotensin system and inflammation in mice and human tematernal feeding practices and children's eating behaviours: a comparison of mothers with healthy weight versus overweight/obesitythe mediating role of child self-regulation of eating in the relationship between parental use of food as a reward and child emotional science & medicinethe more the heavier? Family size and childhood obesity in the ating political priority for regulatory interventions targeting obesity prevention: an australian case al nutritiona priori and a posteriori derived dietary patterns in infancy and cardiometabolic health in childhood: the role of body compositiona simple method for identification of misreporting of energy intake from infancy to school age: results from a longitudinal a paper to submit? Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. The mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood and it is believed to be a disorder with multiple causes. Environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment play pivotal roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. In general, overweight and obesity are assumed to be the results of an increase in caloric and fat intake. On the other hand, there are supporting evidence that excessive sugar intake by soft drink, increased portion size, and steady decline in physical activity have been playing major roles in the rising rates of obesity all around the world. Consequently, both over-consumption of calories and reduced physical activity are involved in childhood all researchers agree that prevention could be the key strategy for controlling the current epidemic of obesity. Prevention may include primary prevention of overweight or obesity, secondary prevention or prevention of weight regains following weight loss, and avoidance of more weight increase in obese persons unable to lose weight. It seems, however, that these strategies have had little impact on the growing increase of the obesity epidemic. Some of these potential strategies for intervention in children can be implemented by targeting preschool institutions, schools or after-school care services as natural setting for influencing the diet and physical activity. All in all, there is an urgent need to initiate prevention and treatment of obesity in uctionchildhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries.
In some european countries such as the scandinavian countries the prevalence of childhood obesity is lower as compared with mediterranean countries, nonetheless, the proportion of obese children is rising in both cases [4]. The highest prevalence rates of childhood obesity have been observed in developed countries, however, its prevalence is increasing in developing countries as well. The prevalence of childhood obesity is high in the middle east, central and eastern europe [5]. For instance, in 1998, the world health organization project monitoring of cardiovascular diseases (monica) reported iran as one of the seven countries with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity. Kg/yr, twofold increase in prevalence of obesity1971–19746–19nhanes i [68]relatively stable1976–19806–19nhanes ii [68]relatively stable1988–19946–19nhanes iii [68]doubled to 11%1999–20006–19nhanes iv [68]increased by 4%. And obesity in childhood have significant impact on both physical and psychological health; for example, overweight and obesity are associated with hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance, and infertility. Overweight children followed up for 40 [11] and 55 years [12] were more likely to have cardiovascular and digestive diseases, and die from any cause as compared with those who were tion of childhood obesityalthough definition of obesity and overweight has changed over time [13, 14], it can be defined as an excess of body fat (bf). There is no consensus on a cutoff point for excess fatness of overweight or obesity in children and adolescents. 15] measured skin fold thickness of 3320 children aged 5–18 years and classified children as fat if their percentage of body fat was at least 25% and 30%, respectively, for males and females. European researchers classified overweight as at or above 85th percentile and obesity as at or above 95th percentile of bmi [18]. In research, techniques include underwater weighing (densitometry), multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (bia) and magnetic resonance imaging (mri). Although, these methods are less accurate than research methods, they are satisfactory to identify risk. While bmi seems appropriate for differentiating adults, it may not be as useful in children because of their changing body shape as they progress through normal growth. In addition, bmi fails to distinguish between fat and fat-free mass (muscle and bone) and may exaggerate obesity in large muscular children. Studies that used bmi to identify overweight and obese children based on percentage of body fat have found high specificity (95–100%), but low sensitivity (36–66%) for this system of classification [19]. While health consequences of obesity are related to excess fatness, the ideal method of classification should be based on direct measurement of fatness. Although methods such as densitometry can be used in research practice, they are not feasible for clinical settings. Cross-sectional studies have shown that bia predicts total body water (tbw), fat-free mass (ffm), and fat mass or percentage of body fat (%bf) among children [20–23]. Waist circumference, as a surrogate marker of visceral obesity, has been added to refine the measure of obesity related risks [25]. Waist circumference seems to be more accurate for children because it targets central obesity, which is a risk factor for type ii diabetes and coronary heart disease. To the best of our knowledge there is no publication on specific cut off points for waist circumference, but there are some ongoing of obesityalthough the mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood, it is confirmed that obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. There are multiple etiologies for this imbalance, hence, and the rising prevalence of obesity cannot be addressed by a single etiology. However, environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment seem to play major roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide [26–29]. In a small number of cases, childhood obesity is due to genes such as leptin deficiency or medical causes such as hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency or side effects due to drugs (e. Frequent consumption of such a diet can hardly be counteracted by the average child or adult [31]. Overweight and obesity are mostly assumed to be results of increase in caloric intake, there is not enough supporting evidence for such phenomenon. However, a small caloric imbalance (within the margin of error of estimation methods) is sufficient over a long period of time to lead to obesity. With concurrent rise in childhood obesity prevalence in the usa, the national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes) noted only subtle change in calorie intake among us children from the 1970s to 1988–1994. The bogalusa study which has been following the health and nutrition of children since 1973 in bogalusa (louisiana), reported that total calorie intake of 10-year old children remained unchanged during 1973–1988 and a slight but significant decrease was observed when energy intake was expressed per kilogram body weight [33]. Some small studies also found similar energy intake among obese children and their lean counterparts [6, 35–37]. For many years it has been claimed that the increase in pediatric obesity has happened because of an increase in high fat intake, contradictory results have been obtained by cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Result of nhanes has shown that fat consumption of american children has fallen over the last three decades. 40] reported that the average fat intake of children aged 4–18 years in the uk is close to the government recommendation of 35% energy. On the other hand, some cross-sectional studies have found a positive relationship between fat intake and adiposity in children even after controlling for confounding factors [41, 42].
The main objection to the notion that dietary fat is responsible for the accelerated pediatric obesity epidemic is the fact that at the same time the prevalence of childhood obesity was increasing, the consumption of dietary fat in different populations was decreasing. Although fat eaten in excess leads to obesity, there is not strong enough evidence that fat intake is the chief reason for the ascending trend of childhood dietary is a growing body of evidence suggesting that increasing dairy intake by about two servings per day could reduce the risk of overweight by up to 70% [43]. Higher calcium intake and more dairy servings per day were associated with reduced adiposity in children studied longitudinally [45, 46]. There are few data reporting the relation between calcium or dairy intake and obesity among n 1970 and 1997, the united state department of agriculture (usda) surveys indicated an increase of 118% of per capita consumption of carbonated drinks, and a decline of 23% for beverage milk [47]. Soft drink intake has been associated with the epidemic of obesity [48] and type ii diabetes [49] among children. Physical has been hypothesized that a steady decline in physical activity among all age groups has heavily contributed to rising rates of obesity all around the world. Numerous studies have shown that sedentary behaviors like watching television and playing computer games are associated with increased prevalence of obesity [51, 52]. Furthermore, parents report that they prefer having their children watch television at home rather than play outside unattended because parents are then able to complete their chores while keeping an eye on their children [53]. In addition, increased proportions of children who are being driven to school and low participation rates in sports and physical education, particularly among adolescent girls [51], are also associated with increased obesity prevalence. Since both parental and children's choices fashion these behaviors, it is not surprising that overweight children tend to have overweight parents and are themselves more likely to grow into overweight adults than normal weight children [54]. In response to the significant impact that the cultural environment of a child has on his/her daily choices, promoting a more active lifestyle has wide ranging health benefits and minimal risk, making it a promising public health tionalmost all public health researchers and clinicians agree that prevention could be the key strategy for controlling the current epidemic of obesity [55]. Prevention may include primary prevention of overweight or obesity itself, secondary prevention or avoidance of weight regains following weight loss, and prevention of further weight increases in obese individuals unable to lose weight. Until now, most approaches have focused on changing the behavior of individuals on diet and exercise and it seems that these strategies have had little impact on the growing increase of the obesity age group is the priority for starting prevention? Are often considered the priority population for intervention strategies because, firstly, weight loss in adulthood is difficult and there are a greater number of potential interventions for children than for adults. Schools are a natural setting for influencing the food and physical activity environments of children. Therefore it would be more sensible to initiate prevention and treatment of obesity during childhood. Although the local environment, both school and the wider community, plays an important role in shaping children's physical activity, the smaller scale of the home environment is also very important in relation to shaping children's eating behaviors and physical activity patterns. Of all aspects of behavior in the home environment, however, television viewing has been researched in greatest detail [57–59]. One interdisciplinary intervention program in the usa featured a curriculum-based approach to influence eating patterns, reduce sedentary behaviors (with a strong emphasis on television viewing), and promote higher activity levels among children of school grades 6 to 8. Of dietary pattern and tv appears that gains can be made in obesity prevention through restricting television viewing. Fast foods are one of the most advertised products on television and children are often the targeted market. Reducing the huge volume of marketing of energy-dense foods and drinks and fast-food restaurants to young children, particularly through the powerful media of television, is a potential strategy that has been advocated. Television advertising to children under 12 years of age has not been permitted in sweden since commercial television began over a decade ago, although children's television programs from other countries, and through satellite television, probably dilute the impact of the ban in sweden. Norway, denmark, austria, ireland, australia, and greece also have some restrictions on television advertising to young children [51]. The fact that children would still be seeing some television advertisements during adult programs or other types of marketing, such as billboards, does not contradict the rationale for the control on the television watching of young prices have a marked influence on food-buying behaviour and, consequently, on nutrient intake [62]. In addition, the nutrition criteria for the products serve as 'de facto' standards for product formulation, and many manufacturers will formulate or reformulate products to meet those iveness of the prevention has been shown that focusing on reducing sedentary behaviour and encouraging free play has been more effective than focusing on forced exercise or reducing food intake in preventing already obese children from gaining more weight [65]. Recent efforts in preventing obesity include the initiative of using school report cards to make the parents aware of their children's weight problem. In a study in the boston area, parents who received health and fitness report cards were almost twice as likely to know or acknowledge that their child was actually overweight than those parents who did not get a report card [66]. They also were over twice as likely to plan weight-control activities for their overweight children. Summary of prevention and intervention strategies is presented in table sionobesity is a chronic disorder that has multiple causes. Overweight children are more likely to have cardiovascular and digestive diseases in adulthood as compared with those who are lean. It is believed that both over-consumption of calories and reduced physical activity are mainly involved in childhood ntly, primary or secondary prevention could be the key plan for controlling the current epidemic of obesity and these strategies seem to be more effective in children than in adults. However, further research needs to examine the most effective strategies of intervention, prevention, and treatment of obesity. These strategies should be culture specific, ethnical, and consider the socio-economical aspects of the targeting al health and nutrition examination ational monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular ctrical impedance ic resonance state department of ledgementswe would like to thank claire vayalumkal for her helpful comments and careful reading of the final s' contributionsall authors had equal contribution in writing this s’ affiliations(1)population health research institute, mcmaster university, hamilton, canada(2)school of nursing and department of clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, mcmaster university, hamilton, canada(3)department of clinical epidemiology and biostatistics, and population health research institute, mcmaster university, hamilton, ncesnicklas ta, t.
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