Cyber terrorism research paper

Paper -a synopsis on cyber terrorism and warfare by shreedeep rayamajhiuploaded by shreedeeprayamajhirelated interestsonline safety & privacycomputer securitycyberwarfarethreat (computer)internetrating and stats0. 0)document actionsshare or embed documentembeddescription: this research paper highlights the current scenario of cyber warfare & cyber terrorism. It highlights various aspects of the technical terms in meaning dissection and discrete analysis of it meaning and its variable ght: attribution non-commercial (by-nc)flag for inappropriate contentdiplo foundation igcbp09 research phasea synopsis of cyber warfare & ed by: mr. Shreedeep rayamajhi i gcbp09 research d ted to: emmanuel edet, diplo foundation associate and tutor igcbp09 research phase (emmanuele@). To empower the participants to take part in the ig process through competent policy research. The training will focus on developing research skills, defining the role of policy research in the ig process and on practical opportunities for becoming the part of the policy process. It is likely that many of you have never worked on a policy research; even those with experience in academic research might not have faced this specific format. Thus, the research phase aims at providing you with some basic skills to produce a policy research project – which is, to put your knowledge and analysis together in a comprehensive way and present it to relevant institutions, either local and regional or global. Format during the research phase we will introduce the concept of policy research within ig through a short online course, followed by an exercise in form of the online policy research project that you will be working on. It will cover the following areas: 1) introduction to policy research, including: the difference between policy and politics, what is policy research, who commissions policy research and who conducts it, and policy research in internet governance (this module will give you clear understanding of the role and importance of policy and policy research in internet governance) 2) conducting policy research, including: policy research methodologies, finding and assessing information on the web, and citations and plagiarism (this module will bring the basics of producing policy research, i. This module will help you understand the format of wiki - the format you will be using when building your research later on – you will note the differences from a traditional paper format of research) 4) using the wiki platform, including: how to use wiki, goals and examples (this module will instruct you how to use wiki platform, explain what is expected from you as a final wiki deliverable, and introduce some successful examples) after the short course you will be working in a specific thematic area group to produce an online research portal using the wiki platform. Participants will be divided into groups per topic of interest, with the task of building up a predefined research grid with information and analysis of the situation. Topics six topic areas have been proposed for this year’s research phase, based on the most recent agenda of igf and general interests in specific topics by the ig actors. E-democracy intellectual property rights cyber-security and safety infrastructure and critical resources development issues regional lac group (spanish). The short course, each of you will be assigned to a group which will produce a policy research wiki on one of these topics. At the end, the drafted wiki pages will be polished and interlinked to produce a whole to the dynamic nature of wiki, allowing (and even requiring) it to be constantly updated, those interested to continue will be able to further update their research wiki pages in the future. Deliverables  research course assignments  group and individual wiki pages  presentation of results timeline the research phase will start with a short course on 1 september 2009. 1 september - 2 october (5 weeks): online course 5 october - 8 november (5 weeks): online research work the wikis should be ready by 10 november. Warfare and terrorism is a fight of power where the big fish eats the small fish. Cyber criminals then sell the information to the highest bidder on the online black market. Symantec (nasdaq: symc) knows that cyber crime is real crime, that’s why today, the maker of norton security software, is bringing to market a completely unique approach to online security with norton 2010. Cyber space has become more vulnerable to externalities of fraud, scams, malicious threats, virus, hacking etc where being secured is a question that haunts everyone. On contrary cyber attackers and their technologies are getting sharper and smarter where the hackers and attackers are one step ahead of us keeping the technological boon manipulating the knowledge and availability in and against the innocent people. Cyber space provide a psychology of war mentality where people win by utilizing others weakness and vulnerabilities and to some extent that limits the use of resources and in so many ways makes it efficient. Information of vital resources are easily available on internet, apart from that technical content of making bombs and other relevant terms are easily available on websites making it easy for cyber terrorist groups to harbor and train innocent people. Apart from that terrorist groups are increasingly attracted to modern communications technology for planning, recruiting, propaganda purposes, enhancing communications, command and control, fund raising and funds transfer, information gathering etc taking terrorism to the next level. This aspect of cyber terrorism materializes the flexibility of web information for expansion of terror around the world, which indeed is a slacking factor. Introduction as technology is driving internet, cyber space is expanding where virtually everything is possible from 3d animation to remote /open networking to e-banking to entertainment. The dynamics of the open cyber space has not only connected the world in terms of speed, and accessibility but on contrary has also facilitated the wrong doers in effectively channelizing their knowledge to achieve their selfish motive by manipulating the global network in desired way. The expansion of cyber space not only gives space to greater efficacy of sharing and better business opportunity but perversely it has lured different externalities which are creating nuisance proving threat to security online. Perhaps, one might feel secure about one’s status but in cyber space nothing is impossible. Today, cyber space is not just a platform of information access, it has adapted to a proactive version where different micro and macro elements, ranging from commercialization to technology to terrorism harbor their ultimate dimension of opportunities and possibilities. Like such cyber warfare & cyber terrorism are some of the burning issues which threats the cyberspace and its warfare and terrorism is the modern transcended version of insecurities of abuse and exploitation within the limitation of terrorizing adapting the modern form of technology and advancement. Reality is cyber warfare is a form of attack on a system from various ways making it convey a message or any form of message. Cyber terrorism is a form of fear and dread utilizing the means of internet to attack or hack computer systems of significance for acquiring top secret data or making it obsolete. The true threat of cyber terrorism and warfare is not only aspiring in cyber space for its illegal act of taking control but alternatively is exploiting and manipulating people’s psychology using the elements of discrimination, racialism, terror etc , which further is dividing people and creating differences. Some of the examples of cyber terrorism and warfare are mentioned below: estonia cyber attack 2007/2008 cyber attacks on estonia (also known as the estonian cyber war) refers to a series of cyber attacks that began april 27, 2007 and swamped websites of estonian organizations, including estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers and broadcasters, amid the country's row with russia about the relocation of the bronze soldier of tallinn, an elaborate soviet-era grave marker, as well as war graves in tallinn. The case is studied intensively by many countries and military planners as, at the time it occurred, it may have been the second-largest instance of state-sponsored cyber warfare, following titan rain. Estonian foreign minister urmas paet accused the kremlin of direct involvement in the cyber attacks. On september 6, 2007 estonia's defense minister admitted he had no evidence linking cyber attacks to russian authorities. Of course, at the moment, i cannot state for certain that the cyber attacks were managed by the kremlin, or other russian government agencies," jaak r attack 2009 as twitter struggled to return to normal wednesday evening, a trickle of details suggested that the outage that left 30 million users unable to use the micro-blogging service for several hours - at least in part - may have been the result of a spam campaign that targeted a single user who vocally supports the republic of georgia.

According to bill woodcock, research director at the non-profit packet clearing house, the torrent of traffic that brought the site to its knees wasn't the result of a traditional ddos, or distributed denial of service attack, but rather people who clicked on a link in spam messages that referenced a well-known blogger called cyxymu. Korean attacks south korea is experiencing a third wave of suspected cyber-attacks - co-ordinate attempts to paralyze a number of major websites. One of the country's biggest banks, a leading national newspaper and the south korean spy agency appear to have been targeted. Speaking, cyber warfare refers to any considerable act using computers and engaging in warfare activities by any means in targeting or causing any harm to the websites or groups in cyberspace with a selfish motive is called cyber warfare. This includes vandalizing websites, circulating false information, misguiding and rejection of service attacks, creating false accusation and propagandas, and gathering classified data in the cyber space. Cyber warfare is overcoming the expectation of researchers and security analysts in every possible way posing a high level threat to any country. Moreover, the digitizations of conventional warfare technologies as well as the development of new artificial intelligence weapons with more complex devices jeopardize the security as well as opens risk of cyber warfare in expanding and strategizing the cyber attackers to strategize their plans within the loop holes. Previously, when strategic battle operations were performed manually on papers and then in action have further taken a step ahead where the new development of weaponry have substituted the older version with effective technological advancement of global positioning satellite(gps) and smart computers. The cyber space not only gives space for entertainment but on contrary shares the same with highly sophisticated weapons of mass destruction which are connected to each other by cyber space and relative technologies. So with just a loop hole, massive cyber attacks can take form of a cyber warfare where time ticks with no option except to wait for y is we are gaining power in developing weapons of smart technology which are much more faster, efficient and precise but we fail to address the question at what cost or risk. This is an important question which hunts every security analyst and is a curial issue regarding cyber security. Realizing, the technological advancement, cyber space has been the most happening business opportunity for any field from economy to finance to industries. And in most cases the country lacks to address the issue of cyber policies and proper mechanism where problems like cyber exploitation, child abuse and pornography, hacking and virus and scam takes its toll. So the effectiveness of internet takes the form of threat where at times these vacuums of system loop holes can take the form of cyber attacks and the consequences can be irreversible and most damaging. Source: http:///2/hi/business/davos/) thus, cyber warfare is a relatively a concern topic for all from developed to developing countries who are exploring the depth of advance weaponry and other facilities of cyber space. 1 protection against cyber warfare the main protection against cyber warfare is getting your prepared and secured with the necessary software and firewall that are available. Protection against cyber warfare in real sense means, being aware about the issues and happenings of cyber space. One should also be focused on the happenings and the invention where keeping up-to-date is the key to protection against cyber warfare. In cyber war, the information infrastructure is the medium that is being targeted and impacts the most in retrieving the desired information or manipulating the system making it obsolete for its performance. Federal bureau of investigation (fbi), “cyber terrorism is any premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which results in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. Cyber terrorism is also referred as electronic terrorism or informational war where the diversion of information can create obstructing situations. The possible cyber terrorist targets are public interest properties like banking industry, television and communication station, military installations, power plants, malls and business centers, water systems etc. Thus, cyber terrorism is a criminal act of punishment subjected to wrong use of computers and telecommunications capabilities, resulting in violence, destruction and/or disruption of services in any possible way with the intention of damage to any sector in any possible way. Later the issue was hyped and took a form of a ban which was enacted highlighting the potential threat of terrorism. I believe cyber terrorism is such a vague topic where it threats human society in every step as internet has acclimatized 21st century in the most profound way. Information of vital resources are easily available on internet, apart from that technical content of making bombs and other relevant terms are easily available on websites making it easy for cyber terrorist groups to harbor and train innocent people. 1 reasons for popularity of cyber terrorism cyber terrorism is the next step of terrorism adapting the advancement of technology and system which profuse in utilizing the flexibility by targeting the loop holes of cyberspace and materializes its substance. The basic attractions of cyber terrorism are high impact, use of less resource, cost effective, fast, untraceable and effective in every possible way that is yet to be discovered with the booming technology and advancement. Perceived secrecy: cyber terrorism gives an advantage to such groups in falsely creating an image in cyber space giving easy results to their bad intention in the most prominent way. The accessibility of open source and easy hacking is also an option which facilitates cyber terrorism in opening the loop holes and utilizing it according to their personnel needs and wants. From social networking to easy access online chatting internet is the most happening thing which certainly gives stance to target vulnerable groups as easy targets of cyber terrorism. The feasibility of the cyber space provides an advantage to the terrorist groups to harbor extort and train innocent people in desired way. Internet provides a vast ray of software and codes that can virtually make you vanish in cyber space and gives you the power of low risk detection. Low risk of personnel injury: cyber space certainly provides the advantage of low risk of detection using the help of different software where the risk of injuries to the resource are also very low or nil. So low use of resources refers to low detection and low detection gives substance to low risk, and may be this is the reason why cyber terrorism is such of a threat. Low investment: low investment is a prominent factor that attracts cyber terrorism to cyber space. Cyber space provide a psychology of war mentality where people win by utilizing others weakness and vulnerabilities and to some extent that limits the use of resources and in so many ways makes it efficient. The possibility of sitting in a remote location and resulting damaging some thousands of kilometers away is an advantage of the open measures for protection against cyber terrorism 1. Key players or stakeholders of cyber warfare and security basically follows the combination of three aspects people, systems and procedures. Systems and procedures are the key factors developed by peoples, so human resources play a pivotal role in controlling and operating the cyber-security and defense initiative. It also monitors and further researches into issues of concern where its role is very prominent in policy design and further grow and development.

Gathering information about enemy tools and cyber-security systems is as valuable as maintaining a security system. The knowledge of system and skills in programming helps in taking effective measures and helps to progress the it industry as well as cyber-security c. From protection side they help to understand the progressive psychology of their breed and help to understand their coding techniques and behaviors in cyber space. Cyber terrorist: cyber terrorist is a specific new term which in the verge of exploring its depth. Though the terms itself is not clear but the relative definition of a cyber terrorist is very dynamic and broad. A cyber terrorist is a well equipped person with enough knowledge to act as threat to modern information systems, especially to the nation’s defenses and critical infrastructure. Prospect of developing countries in respect to cyber warfare and warfare and terrorism are the growing aspect of threats to the developing countries where the chances of damages are very high and prominent. Though the technological advance have given us an edge in protecting & safeguarding our system and network in a more efficient and effective way; the same is also providing an effective medium for cyber attackers to develop further hard attack mechanism which are even faster, efficient and effective. These double standards are creating specific loop holes where the cyber attackers are manipulating and strategizing their obstructive motive that victimizes and facilitates the prospect of cyber warfare and terrorism. Lack of net neutrality: net neutrality refers to the freedom in sense of accessing information or any means of communication in cyber space. If there are discrimination maintain then it’s certain that it will be wrongly used, so lack of net neutrality certainly plays crucial role in giving an upper hand to the exploiter to target the vulnerable groups in cyber space. In cyber space pirated software can cost you more than what it cost in real resulting in great security lapses. Current and past events the annual e-crime congress is one the largest gatherings of those who work to combat cyber crime. David davis, said “cybercrime is a growing and serious threat to individuals, business and government. Warfare 2010, is a event scheduled for january 27 - 28, 2010 cct centre, canary wharf, london, uk  insights into the evolving cyber threats to national security and information systems and evaluation of solutions to mitigate the threat  analysis of current and future legal issues, political pressures and challenges surrounding cyber warfare attacks and appropriate national cyber space 3rd international conference on iprs, personal data protection and national security, october 20 – 22, 2009 in beirut, conference is co-organised by lebanese information technology association (lita) and international association of cybercrime prevention (ailcc) and hosted by university of saint joseph in beirut. On behalf of the organizing committee, we sincerely invite you to attend the conference and/ or submit your full research paper before 1st october 2009 focusing on law, it and cyberspace issues such as, but not limited to: privacy issues in cyber society - cybercrime - intellectual property rights - consumer protection - internet security - bio technology - nano technology - international trade law - e-business - trademarks and domain names - patents - e-commerce - jurisdiction in cyberspace - e-banking and e-business - e-signature and computer for papers – isscrim 2009, joão pessoa – paraíba, brazil (21 and 22 may, 2009). The auspices of ccrc, international association of cybercrime prevention (ailcc) in france and universidade federal da paraíba (brazil) invite you to participate in: “international conference on cybercrime and international criminal cooperation” this conference is an opportunity for academics and consultants to exchange ideas and discuss most recent topics focusing on cybercrime and cyberlaw. Bringing together leading academics, experts and professionals from all over the world, the conference discusses privacy, security, information technology and other cyberlaw issues. We invite contributions focusing on cybercrime issues such as, but not limited to: - organized crime - international criminal cooperation - child pornography on the internet - cybercrime in brazil - cyberterrorism - intellectual property rights on the internet - online tax fraud - information security - bio – technology - consumer protection - privacy and freedom of expression in cyberspace - e signature. It brings together (as a team) the disciplines of corporate audit, security, fraud prevention, corporate responsibility and risk management and has the backing of various chapters of the iia, isaca, asis and fraud summit 2008, 14-17 october 2008, security expo october 16, : 16th october 2008 location: memphis, usa web url: http:///expo the university of memphis center for information assurance will host the 2008 cyber security expo at the fedex institute of technology on october 16th. Information assurance and cyber security experts will be on-site for lectures, networking and training to address emerging trends in cyber security. Prevention against cyber warfare and ng the attacker is the primary concern for any system. Most of the acts of cyber warfare have been a result of power manipulation to showcase their presence in view of making the target fulfilling all the demand of the attacker. The international agencies related to cyber space are bias to developed countries in giving them an authority and manipulation where they rule their business. Lack of effective human resource is subjected to developing countries where the attackers are one step ended documentsdocuments similar to research paper -a synopsis on cyber terrorism and warfare by shreedeep rayamajhiskip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextcase study on cyber terrorismcyber terrorismcyberterrorismcyber terrorismpresentation on cyber terrorismcyber security plan templatecyberterrorismcyber warfarean analysis of juvenile justice in ber terrorism in the context of globalization. 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Dialogthis title now requires a credituse one of your book credits to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the t ch paper terrorism research terrorism research papers discuss the various techniques of cyber terrorism include the use of computer viruses, disruption of networks, and hacking terrorism is becoming an increasing concern to governments and businesses around the world, as the interconnectedness of the internet serves as a double-edged sword for those who would seek to use this tool as a means of disruption. Various techniques of cyber terrorism include the use of computer viruses, disruption of networks, and hacking masters has information and technology specialists that write research papers that focus on cyber terrorism and any aspect of the current threat to national or personal security through the use of technology. Some current topics that paper masters suggests you focus on for your research paper on cyber terrorism are as follows:What are the current methods of cyber terrorism that are a threat to individuals? The wonderful thing about paper masters is that you can tell our writer exactly what you need him/her to focus on and your research project will be custom written according to your exact ch about cyber the 1990s, many incidents of cyber terrorism were simple, often defacements of websites, more cyber graffiti or vandalism than extensive cyber terrorist attack. In 2014, the united states government began arguing that a string of denial of service (dos) attacks on government computers was part of a campaign of sophisticated cyber terrorism. However, the united states was also responsible for the most obvious incident of cyber 2010, it is alleged that the united states used the stuxnet computer worm in order to target iranian nuclear facilities. This form of cyber terrorism was successful in destroying iran’s centrifuges, disrupting the nation’s ability to enrich uranium. However, many experts in cyber terrorism believe that the true extent of most acts of cyber terrorism is not aimed at governments, but at companies. Under this definition, the massive hack of sony emails in 2014 is classified as cyber terrorism, and may have been directed from north fully understand the meaning of “cyber terrorism” one must look to the governments of the countries under the heaviest threat. The united states is highly susceptible to cyber terrorist attack, and its agencies have set forth to layout specific guidelines to determine the threat. In a report to congress by the congressional research service, a definition for cyber terrorism is left as non-specific as it is for terrorism, citing no universally accepted definition. However, with definition of terrorism as outlined by the national infrastructure protection center (nipc), a branch of the department of homeland security, a general definition of cyber terrorism is a criminal attack that includes “the politically motivated use of computers as weapons or as targets, by sub-national groups or clandestine agents intent on violence, to influence an audience or cause a government to change its policies”. To carry out such attacks, the cyber terrorist needs to be well schooled in information technology, and there is shortage of these individuals s, crackers, and phreakers are the individuals who carry out most cyber terrorist attacks.

While they possess the ability to perpetrate cyber terrorist attacks, they can also help combat them. Phreakers, like crackers, pose a significant cyber terrorist threat, and working in conjunction, crackers and phreakers can perpetrate a serious attack on businesses, governments, and private individuals. However, without knowing the goals and objectives of a particular cyber terrorist attack, it often becomes difficult to track their of the reasons cyber terrorism is so difficult to define is that the goals and objectives of cyber attacks are difficult to discern. As noted in the crs report to congress, “labeling a computer attack as ‘cyber terrorism’ is problematic, because it is often difficult to determine the intent, identity, or the political motivations of a computer attacker with any certainty until long after the event has occurred”. According to the federal bureau of investigation, a cyber attack to obtain national security information is one of the greatest threats, though even the less serious categories have real consequences and, ultimately, can undermine public confidence in web-based commerce (e-commerce) and violate privacy or property rights. The ultimate goal of all terrorism is to achieve political gains through the attack, and by creating fear in the citizens of their targets, it matters little whether it is through a bomb or through the thought of losing all their money. But, cyber terrorism is by no means limited to government and economic terrorist attacks have the potential to create widespread havoc, though the united states government believes, perhaps provincially, that even the worst-case scenarios will not cause a great extent of damage. In the crs report to congress, it was concluded that security experts disagree about the damage that might result from a cyber attack, and some have reportedly stated that u. Infrastructure systems are resilient and could possibly recover easily from a cyber terrorism attack, thus avoiding any severe or catastrophic effects. Naval war college hosted a war game called “digital pearl harbor,” which simulated a cross-industry cyber terrorist attack against critical infrastructure systems; the result showed that the attacks would lead to little more than temporary power outage, and the attempts to cripple telecommunications would prove unsuccessful because of the system redundancy (wilson 10). However, the simulation did show that the most vulnerable systems were the internet itself as well as those utilized by the financial s are currently being made by the united states government and many of its largest corporations to protect against future cyber attacks. Legislation pertaining to cyber security has already been passed and the cyber security research and development act, authorized $903 million over five years for new research and training programs by the national science foundation and nist to prevent and respond to terrorist attacks on private and government computers. But, one of the biggest issues facing all counter terrorism, including cyber terrorism, is sharing of information between agencies. In a war of information, the allies must make sure that they are not only informed but also ting cyber terrorism rests with every citizen. Ultimately, while cyber attacks pose less physical threat than violent terrorist attacks, they have the potential to disrupt the lives of citizens. Making sure government officials take seriously the cyber threat is just one way the individuals can help prevent it. And, finally, being vigilant about online activities, including the information a person gives out over the internet is one of the best ways to prevent a cyber terrorist from sneaking into the infrastructure undetected. Like violent terrorism, the threat and the ultimate responsibility for prevention come down to the vigilance of everyday d research paper l privacy research papers discuss the monitoring of electronic communications done by the nsa that may compromise the privacy of individuals in the digital l identity research papers discuss the major issues involved with internet identities such as privacy and identity computing security research papers examine the emerging field in computer security, designed to protect data and information within the infrastructure of cloud ite television industry research paper delves into the satellite industry in ation security term papers trace the rise in the internet and technology in the classroom systems - research papers on the unix systems delve into how these systems are essential for developing operating systems, and also discuss the system's l forensics - internet crime, particularly cyber warfare and cyber terrorism, are an increasing area of concern around the security - cyber security research papers discuss the continuing effort to protect electronic data and computer systems from unwanted to write a research paper on cyber page is designed to show you how to write a research project on the topic you see to the left. Use our sample or order a custom written research paper from paper research papers - custom written research papers on any topic you need starting at $23. Per research paper services - learn about all of paper masters' custom research paper and writing your research paper worries in less than 5 minutes! A custom research paper on any online teed quality -time delivery via ential & masters - showing students how to write quality research papers for over 19 masters custom research papers on cyber masters writes custom research papers on cyber terrorism and discuss the various techniques of cyber terrorism include the use of computer viruses, disruption of networks, and hacking attempts. Per page - order paper faqs e-mail ch paper terrorism research terrorism research papers discuss the various techniques of cyber terrorism include the use of computer viruses, disruption of networks, and hacking terrorism is becoming an increasing concern to governments and businesses around the world, as the interconnectedness of the internet serves as a double-edged sword for those who would seek to use this tool as a means of disruption. Per page - order paper faqs e-mail world’s leading open access website for students and scholars of international threat of cyberterrorism to critical powers, sep 2 2013, 14410 content was written by a student and assessed as part of a university degree. E-ir publishes student essays & dissertations to allow our readers to broaden their understanding of what is possible when answering similar questions in their own most destructive scenarios involve cyber actors launching several attacks on our critical infrastructure at one time…attackers could also seek to disable or degrade critical military systems and communication networks. The collective result of these kinds of attacks could be a cyber pearl early march of this year, dni james clapper and fbi director robert mueller made clear in a hearing before the senate select committee on intelligence that “cyber threats” represent one of the most challenging dangers to us national security. 2] this paper will build upon the plethora of available research to unpack how the possibility of a catastrophic cyber attack or a “cyber pearl harbor” has become part of the zeitgeist of 21st century discussion on security and terrorism. This research will focus on a specific cyber threat, that of cyber terrorism, and attempt to prove that out of all of the threats falling under the cyber umbrella, acts that may be carried out to cause terror and loss of life through damage to critical infrastructure,[3] present the largest danger. The report will argue that terrorist organizations and “lone wolf” actors, regardless of historical precedent or their current capacity, represent the greatest threat to security, rather than states such as china and will begin by attempting to define cyberterrorism and show how the lack of a common definition has made the formation of effective policy difficult. The research will then explore the various vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure, particularly in the us and in other countries that rely heavily on supervisory control and data acquisition (scada) systems to monitor and regulate industrial operations. We will examine how terrorist groups may acquire the capabilities to conduct large scales acts of cyber terrorism against critical infrastructure, show how they would orchestrate such and attack, and explore who has been and will continue to be most y we have yet to see a doomsday scenario like that mentioned by former us defense secretary leon panetta unfold. 4] many small-scale cyber attacks are being carried out every day, and larger attacks such as the now infamous stuxnet worm show just how vulnerable critical infrastructure, in particular, is to intrusion. This paper will argue that more needs to be done by governments, the private sector, and civil society to prevent cyber attacks from crippling infrastructure and degrading states capacity to continue their normal operations. The paper will conclude by offering recommendations to nascent institutions and systems, both public and private, to prevent groups with nefarious intentions from inflicting harm and suffering on a currently unseen is cyber terrorism and how is it different from other cyber threats? Attempts to create a common terminology for cyberterroism in the united states, for example, have thus far been exceedingly difficult, with the fbi alone publishing three distinctly different terminologies and dod, fema, dea, dhs and doj each having their own distinct definitions. 5] leonard bailey, a former member of the us national security division (nsd), expressed his concern stating “the area suffers from a limited lexicon…we even lack a unified definition of cyber terrorism and that makes discourse on the subject difficult. The need for an across-the-board definition will arise later in the recommendation section of the paper, it is key to understand why the issue of cyberterrorism has thus far been hard to explain. The various complexities and unknowns of cyber threats, and their relationship to acts that constitute terrorism make defining the term very difficult. When does a cyber attack become an act of terrorism rather than just a crime? This section will show how the term has evolved, and how cyberterror is distinctly different from other cyber term cyberterrorism was originally coined in the 1980’s by senior researcher at the center for strategic and international studies (csis) barry collin as “the international abuse of a digital information system, network, or component toward an end that supports or facilitates a terrorist campaign or action. Since that time, various scholars, government officials, and security experts have worked to refine collins broad postgraduate school defines the term as such:Cyberterrorism is generally understood to refer to highly damaging computer-based attacks or threats of attack by non-state actors against information systems when conducted to intimidate or coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are political or social. It is the convergence of terrorism with cyberspace, where cyberspace becomes the means of conducting the terrorist act.

Helen maras, a professor of criminal justice at suny–farmingdale elaborates even further on this terminology adding ,“cyberterroists seek to attack critical infrastructure systems (e. In an earlier excerpt from her book computer forensics: cybercriminals, laws and evidence, maras states:A cybertrerrorist may hack into u. This excerpt, maras touches on very important themes that will be discussed later including the vulnerability of critical infrastructure and methods that an individual or group may employ to conduct acts of terrorism. As maras mentions, it is important to note that not all acts that a terrorist organization may be involved in via the internet, nor all cyber attacks writ large, constitute acts of cyberterrorism. Maura conway at dublin city university describes how an act of cyberterrorism must “instill terror as commonly understood (that is, result in death or large scale destruction), and they must have a political motivation. These attacks do not constitute terrorism per se as they do not directly cause large-scale death or destruction in and of themselves. As maras explains, terrorist groups including the liberation tigers of tamil eelam (tamil tigers) have been responsible for conducting acts that temporarily paralyze government websites through large scale denial of service attacks (dos), but as these attacks did not cause grave and sustained harm nor loss of life, such attacks cannot be considered cyberterrorism. The next section will highlight what vulnerabilities exist and show how a hypothetical large-scale cyberterrorist attack may threat to critical infrastructure: how vulnerable are we to cyberterrorism? Leaked to the press shortly thereafter, this incident dubbed the “aurora generator test” was conducted by dhs to show just how vulnerable american critical infrastructure is to a cyber attack. 13] a 2013 assessment by the gao showed that improvements have been made, but not nearly at the level necessary to safeguard critical infrastructure from cyber attack. This has created, in the worst cases, a labyrinth of connections, which is perhaps not rigorously constructed for cyber- security or well unately, since this report was presented to congress in 2003, progress has been slow to put security mechanisms in place to protect scada and other ics that control critical infrastructure. This juncture it must be made clear that the majority of research for this paper has pointed towards state actors as being the most responsible in executing the majority of cyber attacks. According to many experts, for example, the notion of cyberwar with china is not an unreal perspective. 21] recent criticism has come from the west towards china, blaming the country for conducting cyber espionage against the us and other international targets, stealing valuable technological secrets and financial information. 22] these recent events have polarized the sino-us relationship with leaders on both sides calling for increased responsibility and an end to malicious gh the threat of a looming cyberwar with china and other nations should not be discredited, this paper will continue by looking at the threat of cyberterrorism stemming from primarily non-state actors and states that directly support terrorism such as iran. Particular emphasis will be put on the role of iran, as groups like the izz ad-din al-qassam brigades who receive direct material support form the islamic republic have already carried out cyber attacks. 23] the following section will analyze the various methods by which cyberspace could be used directly by a terrorist organization to achieve their goals of political or ideological change through attacks that cause terror and loss of life. The chilling video showed an unnamed al-qaeda operative directing “covert mujahidin” to launch waves of cyber attacks against us networks including critical infrastructure such as the power grid and water supplies. 25] this section will attempt to address the question as to what effect terrorist organizations and “lone wolfs” can have against critical infrastructure and also how could such a major cyber attack play out in the future in real ist organizations have demonstrated their expertize on the web in various forms for over a decade. 26] while dissemination of propaganda and other such activity is malicious and may eventually lead to an act of terrorism taking place, acts such as small scale hacking for financial gain, temporarily paralyzing non critical websites and spreading of propaganda, do not constitute cyberterrorism. 27] what is worrisome, however, is that over the past 10 years in particular, trends have emerged that illustrate that al-qaeda and other terrorists have taken an interest in directing their cyber capabilities towards directly hitting us infrastructure and causing mass damage. Her book computer forensics: cybercriminals, laws and evidence, marie-helen maras provides various examples of such instances where “lone wolves” were able to break into scada systems, and if they so desired, could have created massive damage. 30] former presidential adviser for cyberspace security, richard clarke expresses his concern on the terrorist entrée into the world of cyberwar in a pbs frontline special. It is possible to sit in the cyber café in peshawar and do that kind of sentiment of clarke and others is quite telling in the sense that it not only drives home the al-qaeda and other terrorists seek the desire to destroy us infrastructure, but that they are slowly gaining the capacity to carry out such attacks. There are, however, nation states that are willing to support such ’s role in cyberterrorism and possibilities for future i worry about is that terrorists and nations that sponsor terror, such as iran, that demonstrate cyberattack capabilities will be far more reckless than traditional adversaries. Art coviello, ceo of security firm asymmetric nature of the war against terrorists can be said to transcend into the cyber realm. While al-qaeda and other groups have been able to coordinate physical attacks with modest finances, a massive cyber operation that could debilitate us critical infrastructure would require funding and advanced technical expertise. 34] even amidst an array of international sanctions, the nation still has the monetary prowess to fund one of worlds the largest military operations in which cyber strategy is a critical component. While nations like russia and china are guilty of cyber intrusion into the institutions and systems of the united states and its allies, the majority of their operations are carried out for the sake of espionage. 35] also, while the us and much of the west hold normal diplomatic ties with china and the russian federation, the same cannot be said about has subscribed, for the most part, to a retaliatory cyber strategy against the west. The leadership of terrorists groups become younger and more tech-savvy, it is the fear that such groups will rely more heavily on a cyberterror component to achieve their ultimate goal of creating terror through destruction and death. The strategic aims of the terrorist, particularly al-qaeda and its affiliates, show that if such technology were obtained, its use would be quite certain and could be supplemented alongside a physical attack, described by secretary panetta as a “cyber pearl harbor. A clear example of this is shown in the number of cyber attacks currently facing the united n 2006-2012, the number of attacks increased by 782 percent, reaching 48,562 attacks in fy 2012. This paper set out by reflecting briefly on the scenario of a “cyber pearl harbor,” or surprise cyber attack that would be so devastating to the nations critical infrastructure, that the carnage could surpass that of 9/11. Although such an attack has yet to materialize, i have argued that out of the many cyber threats facing the industrialized world, actions taken by a terrorist organization or a “lone wolf,” targeting critical infrastructure would prove to not only be the most catastrophic possibility, but also the most likely future the report explained, the capacity of nsa and state-sponsored terrorists have increased drastically over the years, while the goal of wreaking havoc and death to change politics and ideology have remained solid. As generations of terrorists get younger, and more adept with technology, an unforeseen cyber attack, possibly in conjunction with a physical attack may present it self. The following section will offer suggestions to various government agencies, the private sector and civil society on how to prevent such an attack from taking place in the endation 1: provide an overarching cyber strategy, develop clear cut roles for government agencies, and hold private industry recommendation reflects in part on the recent assessment by the gao that concluded that current us government cyber strategy was to diffuse and not clearly defined. 37] currently, an overarching american central cyber strategy does not exist, and even the white house national cyber strategy contains documents piled from over a decade, with multiple layers that make priorities hard understand. In addition, the government must hold the private sector accountable for ensuring high standards of cyber security, particularly in regards to critical a 2011 report by mcafee and csis illustrates, in the us, uk and spain for example, less than 20% of companies received a government audit to assess their capacity to prevent a cyber attack. 38] in addition, 32 percent of companies had yet to design any sort of cyber strategy to deal with emerging technologies such as the smart grid. The united states and its allies should learn from such approaches and hold businesses accountable in order to protect the nation from the threat of endation 2: governments must engage civil society as stakeholders in increasing cyber tly, populations worldwide remain untrusting of their government’s ability to handle a cyber attack.

39] while initiatives such as cyber security awareness month in the us represent a good first step, more needs to be done to create a civic culture that treats cyber security as a attacks on 9/11 left a permanent scar on the communities affected and crafted a cultural resilience against future attack. Connect, to inform citizens of the many threats present and encourage action to secure cyber space. Governments should disseminate such initiatives via social media, traditional canvasing, and through radio and television and begin joint programs with public education to begin stressing the importance of cyber security at an early endation 3: establish international norms for governance on the web and crackdown on international black one entity, government body, or international organization, can or should have complete control over the internet. However, in order to prevent malicious actors such as terrorists from disseminating information, recruiting, funding, and executing cyber attacks, more could be done on behalf of the international community. For example, in 2012, the international telecommunication union (itu), an arm of the united nations, convened in dubai to discuss ways to revise a treaty known as the international telecommunications regulations (itr) in order to open a space for discussion on how to best secure cyberspace. 41] while some of the delegates, including the us ambassador, expressed reservations, believing that such a treaty could allow for government suppression of civil liberties in cyberspace, this discussion is a necessary first step in preventing future cyber un has put into place various universal instruments to battle international terrorism including an overarching plan to battle global terrorism. 42] although working groups on the topic have since been convened, clear legislation needs to be put in place, especially considering the role of state actors such as iran in directly funding terrorism and cyber attack across the . Remarks by secretary panetta on cybersecurity to the business executives for nationalsecurity, new york city. Gao – cybersecurity: national strategy, roles, and responsibilities need to be better defined and more effectively implemented. House of representatives committee on homeland security subcommittee on cybersecurity, infrastructure protection, and security technologies. Are voluntary and not required to download the e-book - your link to download is ic focus – l forensics articles and research role of cyber terrorism in the by michael chance ⋅ june 1, 2012 ⋅ 2 sity of new haven. National the events of september 11, 2001 terrorism has been an issue at the forefront of national security. This paper will explore the more specific threat of cyberterrorism that exists and why we are in danger, examine incidents of cyberterrorism and our response, and provide a look into the role it will play in the future. This review of cyberterrorism was conducted using open source information such as unclassified government documents and newspaper articles concerning the subject understand cyberterrorism, one must first be familiar with terrorism. According to the code of federal regulations terrorism is “the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. This concept is fairly easy to grasp and most american’s have an understanding of what terrorism is. But when talking about cyberterrorism there seems to be some confusion as to its components. In february of 2002 executive assistant director of the fbi dale watson gave testimony before congress stating that “cyberterrorism-–meaning the use of cyber tools to shut down critical national infrastructures (such as energy, transportation, or government operations) for the purpose of coercing or intimidating a government or civilian population–-is clearly an emerging threat. Http:///congress/congress02/) while still a form of terrorism it is a different approach than conventional terrorism. Dorothy denning, a well-known information security researcher, provides a more comprehensive definition:“cyberterrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. Further, to qualify as cyberterrorism, an attack should result in violence against persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear. Clarke, a counterterrorism expert and special advisor to president bush on cyberspace security, described our vulnerability to a cyber terrorist attack as a digital pearl harbor. Additional research was pursued utilizing college and university websites that posted studies of similar matters. Many of these sectors are vulnerable to cyberterrorism due to their centralized control systems known as supervisory control and data acquisition (scada). Http:///technicalpublications/documents/) this simply means that they “contain computers and applications that perform key functions in providing essential services and commodities [and] are part of the nation’s critical infrastructure and require protection from a variety of threats that exist in cyber space today. Of execution of daniel ly the best example of using the internet as a tool for cyberterrorism is the incident of daniel pearl, a wall street journalist that was kidnapped and murdered in february 2002. The explicit video promotes terrorism and makes use of the internet to recruit new members and motivate those already on ’s captors sent demands via a hotmail e-mail address. In this portion of his book aziz “urges fellow muslim radicals to take the holy war into cyber-space by attacking us computers specifically for the purpose of credit card fraud. Http:///sdsc/cyber_warfare/mobile_devices/) aziz goes on to guide aspiring terrorists by telling them how to make contact with others with similar interests in chat rooms and how to communicate using e-mails and instant messaging. Eventually georgia would withdraw its troops conceding to se to february of 2003 the white house released the national strategy to secure cyberspace. The plan outlines the need for a planned response to cyber attacks as well as preparedness and prevention methods. Strategy itself is made up of five key points which are “(1) a national cyberspace security response system; (2) a national cyberspace security threat and vulnerability reduction program;(3) a national cyberspace security awareness and training program;(4) securing governments’ cyberspace; and,(5) national security and international cyberspace security cooperation. Pg 54) the plan addresses particular safeguards and the role of federal, state, and local government l, the united states has made it clear that there are concerns for protecting america’s critical infrastructure and securing cyberspace. In moving forward it is important for our country to continue to identify new threats and respond to them with future of moving forward in the age of technology it would be foolish to discount the risks of cyberterrorism. Pg 170) if you consider how easy it is to attain the tools and skills necessary to carry out an attack you then must consider the true threat that cyberterrorism poses to our national security. This involves identifying and reacting to an an effort to thwart cyberterrorism “a proactive approach to securing the global information infrastructure may help to prevent future disasters in the making. Continuing safeguard measures needs to be explored in order to seriously address the invisible threat against the united l, the future of cyberterrorism and the role it plays is somewhat unknown. There are documented events of cyberterrorism and how terrorists use cyberspace to conduct their business. The threat of cyberterrorism has been addressed by several presidents and acknowledged by many reputable professionals. Ultimately “the threat of cyberterrorism may be exaggerated and manipulated, but we can neither deny it nor dare to ignore it. Uniting and strengthening america by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism (usa patriot act) act of 2001.

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