Discuss ethical issues
Ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of what you are doing in the essay this essay will attempt to offer a balanced review of ethical considerations related to research at the biological level of analysis (bla). Describe ethical considerations in psychology, ethics must be considered to ensure participants (humans and animals) are not harmed and that research conducted is ethically validresearchers should always conduct research in an ethical manner and studies should always be critically evaluated for ethical issues. Ethical standards made by the american psychology association (apa) that all research done in psychology must abide ethics are: protection of participantsparticipants should be protected from physical and mental harm and distress this includes humiliation, stress, injury, ipants should not be forced to reveal personal information. Ethical issues of this study:there were a set of ethical issues in this study, which include: informed consent money published scientific articles using this case study as evidence to support his theory. Bruce was forced to live as a girl mental harm was inflicted as brenda experienced confusion, bullying and trauma due to gender issues. Issues of this study:There were a set of ethical issues in this study, which include: ipants were deceived about the aims and nature of the study participants were told the study aimed to test the effects of suproxin on visionbut it was actually testing the two factor theory of emotion - emotion arises from a combination of cognition and arousal - using adrenaline all participants were deceived about the injection they were receiving participants were told they were receiving an injection of suproxin (a drug that does not exist) but they were actually receiving adrenaline or a placebo (saline solution) furthermore, some participants were given false side effects of the adrenaline injection that they were given headache, numbness, itchiness in the feet but deception was used because: participant bias would result from participants knowing the true nature of the studythe research has potential significant contribution to understanding the causes of ipants were not informed of the true nature and aims of the study before giving consent. They did not know that the study aimed to investigate the two factor theory of emotion they did not know that they would be receiving adrenaline or placebo injectionssome participants did not know the true effects of the adrenaline injection they were given they were either given false effects or no effectsbut being fully informed of the true nature and aims of the study may result in participant bias participant protection researchers did not protect participants participants may have had a harmful reaction to the adrenaline researchers did not ensure that participants would not experience harm from the ipants were adequately debriefed deception was revealed and justifiedapa guidelines for animal to avoid harm to animals but harm may still be inflicted on animals, the research may potentially provide significant benefit to the health or welfare of humans or other animals if it is unavoidable if the procedure would cause pain to humans, it should be assumed that it will cause pain to animals animal welfare should be monitored animals should be euthanized as soon as possible if research causes long term/serious harm affects their ability to live normally 3: berthold (1849) ethical issues of this were a set of ethical issues in this study, which include:Participant ld castrated roosters to study the effects of testosterone (secreted by the testes) on behaviour may have caused distress to the roosters after testicles were surgically removed but the research provided significant benefit to the understanding of the effects of the hormone testosterone this knowledge could benefit the health of humans and other rs could not be fully informed about the study roosters could not give consent but roosters would not be able to understand if they were being studied therefore, it would not be possible to gain informed rs could not express any desires to withdraw from the rs were not debriefed but since they are animals and they did not know they were in a study, they would not desire a welfare of the roosters was not monitored it was found that when testes were replaced, they did not re-establish a neural connection berthold had done permanent damage to the roosters that may have affected their ability to live a normal, pain-free livebut he did not euthanize them study 4: rosenzweig and bennett (1972) ethical issues of this studythere were a set of ethical issues in this study, which include:Participant chers placed rats in enriched and deprived environments to study the effects of the environment on brain plasticity may have caused distress to the rats living in the deprived environment rats were euthanized to study their brains but the research provided significant benefit to the understanding of the effects of the environment on brain plasticity this knowledge could benefit humans and other could not be fully informed about the study rats could not give consent but rats would not be able to understand if they were being studied therefore, it would not be possible to gain informed could not express any desires to withdraw from the were not debriefed but since they are animals and they did not know they were in a study, they would not desire a welfare of the rats was not monitored l considerations in all research in psychology includes, protection of participants from harm consentwithdrawalconfidentiality deception debriefing but there are slight exceptions for consent and deception animal research has slightly different ethical considerations differences regard harming participants and ethical a skilltable of taking actiontroubleshooting guide. Are the ethical issues that need to be considered, and how do they play out in community interventions? In this section, we'll discuss what some of those expectations are, and your and your organization's or initiative's moral and legal obligations to those you do we mean by ethics? This encompasses such issues as non-discrimination and cultural what is best for everyone under the circumstances. It's important to distinguish between doing what you can and getting in over your head to the point where what you're doing becomes truly unethical and ly strive to improve or correct, to the extent possible, the situations of participants in your program and the community. If there are issues affecting the community that have nothing to do directly with the one you're concerned with, do you nonetheless have an obligation to become involved? What if you don't really understand the whole situation, and your involvement may do as much harm as good -- do you still have an ethical obligation to support or become active on the right side?
But you need to be aware of them, and to make decisions about how you're going to address them if you're concerned about the ethics of your intervention and your is ethical behavior important in community interventions? Addition to its simply being the right thing to do, always acting ethically brings some particular advantages with it. Considering ethical principles in all aspects of a community intervention will lead you to finding the most effective and community-centered methods, and will bring dividends in participation, community support and funding ng in the community. An organization that has a reputation for ethical action is far more likely to be respected by both participants and the community as a whole than one that has been known to be unethical in the past. An organization that's recognized as ethical is also apt to be seen as competent, and to be trusted to treat people with respect and to do what it says it will do. You have a moral obligation to yourself, the individuals you work with, and the community to be ethical in all you do, and to expect the same from others. If you fulfill that obligation, and everyone knows it, your voice will have greater impact when you speak out for what you believe is right, or against what you believe is wrong, and others will follow sional and legal issues. The american medical association, the american bar association, the american psychological association, the national association of social workers -- these and many other professional associations have detailed ethical standards their members are expected to adhere to. In most situations, ethical and legal behavior go hand in is subject to a code of ethics in community interventions? There are, however, a number of formal ethical codes -- usually set down by professional organizations, but sometimes by law -- that apply to people in particular professional or other are some examples of people expected to adhere to a formal code of ethics:Medical professionals (i. We'll look at the implications of mandated reporter status later in this are the ethical issues that need to be considered, and how do they play out in community interventions? Not all of the areas discussed below are covered by a specific legal or ethical code for every profession or community service, but are nonetheless related to ethical behavior for just about any program or organization. All should at least be considered as you define ethics for yourself and your ly the most familiar of ethical issues -- perhaps because it's the one most often violated -- is the expectation that communications and information from participants in the course of a community intervention or program (including conversations, written or taped records, notes, test results, etc.
If the program staff member is a mandated reporter for child abuse and neglect, if the participant presents a threat to himself or others, or if the staff member is subpoenaed in a legal case, both the law and ethical codes generally require that the staff person put her responsibilities to the law or to the safety of others above her promise of program staff may consider their relationship with participants to be ethically more important than legal considerations. The ethics in this type of situation are complex, and it's best for both an organization and its individual staff members to discuss the possibilities before they come up in reality. Often, in those cases, participation implies an agreement to the sharing of records and information, and may even be a matter of public all circumstances, ethical treatment of participants demands that they be informed about the program's confidentiality policies. All of which brings us to the next two issues, which may intertwine with confidentiality and each other: consent and are really three faces of consent: program participants giving program staff consent to share their records or information with others for purposes of service provision; participants giving informed consent to submit to particular medical or other services, treatment, research, or program conditions; and community members consenting to the location or operation of an intervention in their t to sharing of information. As we found in the discussion of confidentiality above, most participant records and information collected by program staff can only be passed on with the consent of the participant. In any of these instances, ethical practice demands that people be fully informed -- and can ask and have answered any questions -- about what they are about to take part in. Is it ethically necessary to gain the consent of a neighborhood to place a halfway house or homeless shelter there, for instance? Legally, you may have every right to put any facility you want to there, but what is your ethical obligation (assuming you can't persuade the neighbors to change their minds)? There's usually a way to find a solution that both sides can live with if you keep communication channels confidentiality and consent bring up the issue of privacy, one that has been much discussed in the past 20 years or so. Much of what is discussed above and below has been the subject of legal wrangling or legislation (as in the case of the buckley amendment). It is ethically important both that participants know exactly what they're getting into, and that they be treated as adults who can decide what makes sense for programs have a grievance procedure for participants who feel they have been unfairly denied services, or that they have been in some way harmed in the course of their contact with a community program. If service appears to be ineffective or harmful, it is the ethical responsibility of the program to seek out or develop and try more effective methods. If a staff member is also a board member, she should not take part in board decisions about staff salaries, for instance, although it may in fact be helpful for her to contribute to the discussion of that issue.
Of interest are virtually always unethical, to the point where the mere appearance of a conflict needs to be avoided. Even if decisions or actions are not actually influenced by personal interest, people in conflict of interest situations in their public or professional lives should do everything possible to resolve you find yourself in such a situation, the ethical remedy is two-pronged:Point it out to whoever needs to know -- your employer, a funder, the community, the participant you're working with -- and discuss possible ate the conflict situation. The issues that exist between the two may reduce both the objectivity of the therapist and the effectiveness of the therapy. The more different funding sources you can tap, the less likely you are to find yourself in this bind, and that may in fact be the best solution: spread your funding out as much as possible, so that losing or refusing one funder doesn't put you in the situation of having to choose between ethical behavior and y unethical is behavior far beyond the bounds of the normally accepted ethical standards of society. In some cases, grossly unethical behavior may stem from taking advantage of a conflict of interest situation. Community programs need to be clear about their own ethical standards, and to hold individuals to them and to any other standards their professions demand. In most cases, staff members guilty of grossly unethical behavior should be dismissed as quickly as possible, and prosecuted where that is appropriate. Some of the more familiar types of grossly unethical behavior include:Having sexual relationships -- even consensual sexual relationships -- with people with whom you have a professional relationship in which you hold the power. Funders: billing for non-existent services, or inventing problems in order to deliver unnecessary g necessary medical services to those uninsured and unable to minating in service delivery by race, gender, ethnicity, mination may not be unethical if an intervention is established to serve a particular group for a particular purpose. Selling drugs or robbing a l ethical l behavior for a community intervention is more than simply following particular professional codes and keeping your nose clean. It means actively striving to do what is right for participants and for the community, and treating everyone -- participants, staff members, funders, the community at large -- in an ethical way. Most ethical decisions are far from cut and issue of respect can also be confusing. You are responsible for trying to understand and meet the needs of the community; for being responsive to community attitudes and opinions (without compromising your own mission or philosophy); and for trying, through your intervention, to improve the quality of life in some way for both program participants and the community as a participatory nature of community interventions that these obligations imply can also raise ethical questions.
It usually makes both ethical and practical sense to involve the target population and/or the community at large in planning a community program. It's important to consider the questions, but to understand that taking what you see as the ethical path can sometimes land you in a briar patch. A program that itself behaves unethically or allows its staff to do so is both ignoring its mission and risking its credibility and effectiveness in the e ethical issues are not always cut and dried, community programs should work out their own ethical guidelines and policies before questions actually arise. If you can agree on standards for primary ethical issues -- confidentiality, consent, disclosure, competence, conflict of interest, grossly unethical behavior, and the overall ethical stance and actions of the program -- and create policies which will help you uphold those standards, you're on your way to community respect and outstanding service an psychological association. A discussion of the concept of self in law, and how that affects issues of ethics and , s. There was a gradually developing consensus about the key ethical principles underlie the research endeavor. Allowing anyone who is willing to be are a number of key phrases that describe the system of ethical protections contemporary social and medical research establishment have created to try to the rights of their research participants. Ethical standards also require that researchers not put participants in ion where they might be at risk of harm as a result of ipation. Increasingly, researchers have had to deal with the ethical issue of 's right to service. But when that treatment or program may cial effects, persons assigned to the no-treatment control may feel their rights access to services are being when clear ethical standards and principles exist, there will be times when to do accurate research runs up against the rights of potential participants. Furthermore, there be a procedure that assures that researchers will consider all relevant ethical formulating research plans. To address such needs most institutions and formulated an institutional review board (irb), a panel of persons s grant proposals with respect to ethical implications and decides onal actions need to be taken to assure the safety and rights of participants. Trochim, all rights se a printed copy of the research methods revised: 10/20/ble of contentsnavigatingfoundationslanguage of researchphilosophy of researchethics in researchconceptualizingevaluation relp me understand geneticsgene therapywhat are the ethical issues surrounding gene therapy?
Because gene therapy involves making changes to the body’s set of basic instructions, it raises many unique ethical concerns. The ethical questions surrounding gene therapy include:how can “good” and “bad” uses of gene therapy be distinguished?