Ethics in research methodology ppt

You sure you want message goes ate professor, ent you sure you want message goes , public health india institute of hygiene and public t at beukovinian state medical ethical issues in research occur because behavioral scientists have two sets of obligations that can sometimes conflict. On the one hand, behavioral researcher’s job is to provide information that enhances our understanding of behavioral processes and leads to improvement of human or animal welfare. This obligation requires that scientists pursue research they believe will be useful in extending knowledge or solving problems. However, when the researcher’s obligations to science and society conflict with obligations to protect the rights and welfare of research participants, the researcher faces an ethical dilemma. It is important to understand that well meaning people may strongly disagree about the ethics of particular research procedures. Not only do people disagree about the ethics of particular research procedures, but also they often disagree about the fundamental ethical principles that should be used to make ethical decisions. People often tend to hold one of three general approaches to resolving ethical issues about research. A researcher who operates from this perspective might argue that lying is immoral in all situations regardless of the consequences, and thus deception in research is always unethical. Thus, a skeptic would claim that research ethics cannot be imposed from the outside, but rather are a matter of the individual researcher’s conscience.

Ethical issues in research methodology ppt

Utilitarianism maintains that judgments regarding the ethics of a particular action depend on the consequences of the action. The official guidelines for research enforced by the federal government and most professional organizations, including the apa, are essentially bentham john stuart tuskeegee syphilis study was conducted from 1932 through 1972 by the u. The researchers had the choice of discontinuing the study and offering treatment to participants, offering treatment to some participants to compare with no treatment, or continue the study as planned. The researchers chose to deny treatment to all participants and did not inform them they had the disease in order to continue to study the natural untreated progression of the fatal only were the original participants affected, but their wives (or other sexual partners) and children born with congenital study only ended when someone leaked information on the study to the media. In their professional actions, psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons, and the welfare of animal subjects of research. 01 institutional approvalwhen institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research. Informed consent, psychologists inform participants about (1) the purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures; (2) their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun; (3) the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing; (4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects; (5) any prospective research benefits; (6) limits of confidentiality; (7) incentives for participation; and (8) whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants rights. B) psychologists conducting intervention research involving the use of experimental treatments clarify to participants at the outset of the research (1) the experimental nature of the treatment; (2) the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate; (3) the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made; (4) available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun; and (5) compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate, whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought. Informed consent for recording voices and images in researchpsychologists obtain informed consent from research participants prior to recording their voices or images for data collection unless (1) the research consists solely of naturalistic observations in public places, and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm, or (2) the research design includes deception, and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing.

Client/patient, student, and subordinate research participants(a) when psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, students, or subordinates as participants, psychologists take steps to protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation. B) when research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities. 05 dispensing with informed consent for researchpsychologists may dispense with informed consent only (1) where research would not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves (a) the study of normal educational practices, curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings; (b) only anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations, or archival research for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk of criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, or reputation, and confidentiality is protected; or (c) the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in organizational settings for which there is no risk to participants employability, and confidentiality is protected or (2) where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations. 06 offering inducements for research participation(a) psychologists make reasonable efforts to avoid offering excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements for research participation when such inducements are likely to coerce participation. B) when offering professional services as an inducement for research participation, psychologists clarify the nature of the services, as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations. 07 deception in research(a) psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the studys significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible. B) psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress. Debriefing(a) psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware. C) when psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize the harm.

09 humane care and use of animals in research(a) psychologists acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards. B) psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment. C) psychologists ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role. Minor contributions to the research or to the writing for publications are acknowledged appropriately, such as in footnotes or in an introductory statement. Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with students as early as feasible and throughout the research and publication process as appropriate. 14 sharing research data for verification(a) after research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release. 15 reviewerspsychologists who review material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or research proposal review respect the confidentiality of and the proprietary rights in such information of those who submitted l regulations specify specific criteria that the irb must use in reviewing and approving research (45 cfr 46. Whether or not the irb uses an expedited or full review process, the research must satisfy the following requirements. The risks to subjects are minimized by using procedures which are consistent with sound research design and which do not unecessisarily expose subjects to risk, and whenever appropriate, by using procedures already being performed for diagnostic or treatment purposes.

When appropriate, there are adequate provisions to protect the privacy of subjects and maintain the confidentiality of udm faculty, staff and students who use live vertebrate animals in teaching, study, or research must have the written approval of the universitys institutional animal care and use committee (iacuc) prior to their acquiring these animals. Gerard albright, sjalbrigrg@nes of scientific misconduct such as this often grab our attention and make many think that the majority of those who commit ethical violations in research are apprehended and punished, the reality is that the majority of transgressions are much more mundane and banal, and the majority slip through the cracks and are not noticed or in research and publication grant heller, l responsibilities of researchers• each individual scientist has the ethical responsibility to seek knowledge and to strive to improve the quality of life (shaughnessy, zechmeister, & zechmeister, 2003)• requirements of scientists (diener & crandall, 1978): – competence – report results accurately – manage resources honestly – acknowledge others – consider the consequences – speak out on societal concerns related to are of ches to ethical decisions• balancing obligations to science & society with protecting rights & welfare of participants. Justice – equitable distribution of risks & ethics code (2002)• general principles – principle a: beneficence & nonmaleficence – principle b: fidelity & responsibility – principle c: integrity – principle d: justice – principle e: respect for people’s rights & ethics code standard 8: research & publication• 8. Institutional review board• required by all institutions receiving federal funding• consists of members from both scientific and unscientific disciplines• at least one member must be a local community member not associated with the institution• research cannot be conducted without prior approval of the criteria for reviewing & approving research 45 cfr 46. Risks to subjects (ss) minimized• risks reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits• selection of ss equitable• data monitored for ss safety• ss privacy protected & confidentiality of data maintained• udm’s • institutional animal care and use committee (iacuc)• review board for animal research, study, and teaching• udm’s -benefit modelcost/risk: high cost/risk: highbenefit: low benefit: highcost/risk: low cost/risk: lowbenefit: low benefit: high. Of research• time & effort• participants’ welfare – physical risk – psychological risk (anxiety, depression, altered self concept, loss of confidence in others, boredom) – confidentiality (social, legal, and economic risks of participating)• financial issues…research is expensive• negative stereotypes for the ial benefits• basic knowledge• improvement of research or assessment techniques• practical outcomes• benefits for researchers• benefits for research mental tx isn’t always better tx• tell participants about assignment to conditions, along with potential risks and benefits of experimental treatment• offer the new tx free of charge to control condition participants if it proves l considerations• informed consent – provide information about the study – obtaining informed consent • informed consent form • elements to be included – purpose of study (brief) – activities involved – risks/benefits – right to refuse/withdraw without penalty – how confidentiality will be handled – primary investigator contact info – signature lines for participant & ms with attaining informed consent• compromising the validity of a study• participants who are unable to give informed consent – e. Children • consent from parent/guardian • assent from participant• ludicrous cases of informed consent – no more than minimal risk – waiver will not adversely affect rights/welfare – research could not be feasibly carried out l considerations, cont. 500000 0 dogs & cats dogs & cats in primates in euthananized by research research hs series1 3500000 88572 research, cont. R’s of animal research• reduction• replacement• ific duct damages our misbehavior (de vries, anderson, & martinson, 2006)• serious (but rare) scientific infractions – f.

Issues of the milgram study• participants were mislead as to the purpose of the study• a confederate posed as another participant• participants were led to believe they were shocking another person…this was likely disturbing to them• participants experienced considerable stress as the experiment continued: they sweated, trembled, stuttered, swore, and laughed nervously as they delivered increasingly intense shocks• participants’ attempts to withdraw from the study were discouraged by the experimenter’s insistence that they m’s obedience study:follow-up• 92% responded to the survey – attitudes about volunteering • 84% positive • 15% neutral • 1% courtesy (leary, 2004)• chief complaints of research participants – the researcher: • failed to show up or was late • was not adequately prepared • was cold, abrupt, or downright rude • failed to show appreciation for the ic research foundations: course - linkedin -driven presentations with excel and powerpoint course - linkedin oint 2016 essential course - linkedin in research ppt by uction to research al-qura university faculty of l issues in sent successfully.. Uction:defining way of ethics focuses on the disciplines thatstudy standards of conduct, such asphilosophy, theology, law, psychology, or sociology. One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, orperspective for analyzing complex problems and instance, in considering a complex issue like globalwarming, one may take aneconomic, ecological, political, or ethical perspective on it is important in research ? Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation andcoordination among many different people in different disciplines andinstitutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential tocollaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect. Third norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the instance, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, thehuman subjects protections, and animal care and use are necessary in order tomake sure that researchers who are funded by public money can be heldaccountable to the public. People more likely to fund research project if they can trust thequality and integrity of research. Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other importantmoral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animalwelfare, compliance with the law, and health and safety. Is manipulating research materials, equipment, orprocesses or changing or omitting data or results such that theresearch is not accurately represented in the research record. Faulty data-gathering :if machines are not calibrated correctly, if subjects do notfollow procedures correctly, if untrained research assistants areused (may give different instructions), if testing occurs atdifferent times of the day.

Principles…honesty,objectivity, integrity, carefulness,openness,respect for intellectual property,confidentiality,responsible publication,responsible mentoring,respects for colleagues,social responsibility,non discrimination,competence,legality,stigmatization,animal care andhuman subject have a right to information about:· why the research study is being done? Receive a copy of the consent in ts from a college career course - linkedin 365: powerpoint essential course - linkedin cation of course - linkedin uction to research al-qura university faculty of in research ppt by ance of knowing how research is done - research methodology - manu melw... Receive a copy of the consent in media in the course - linkedin ng online course - linkedin ng the basics of course - linkedin uction to research al-qura university faculty of in research ppt by ance of knowing how research is done - research methodology - manu melw... Related slideshares at in research ppt by hed on sep 29, you sure you want message goes the first to bungabong education education in research ppt by jiya. Nursing ethics is defined as the principles professional conduct concerning the duties of nurses themselves, their patients,And their fellow practitioners, as well as s in the care of patients and in relations families- u s national library of ethics is and what it. The right to full disclosure-researcher describe the nature of study, subject’s refuse participation, researcher’s risks and related to principle of. Important code of ethics adopted by sion for the protection of ts of biomedical and behavioural. Questionable- if no co-author could original data or had personally performed or participated in research. Professional codes,Laws, regulations, committees with researcher’ system and strategies for teaching in higher course - linkedin writing for course - linkedin ication in the 21st century course - linkedin uction to research al-qura university faculty of l issues in uction to the research sent successfully..

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