Explain research methods
Understand the use of statistics, one needs to know a little bit about experimental design or how a researcher conducts investigations. There are four types of validity that can be discussed in relation to research and statistics. Each type of validity has many threats which can pose a problem in a research study. Examples of issues or problems that would threaten statistical conclusion validity would be random heterogeneity of the research subjects (the subjects represent a diverse group - this increases statistical error) and small sample size (more difficult to find meaningful relationships with a small number of subjects). If a study is lacking internal validity, one can not make cause and effect statements based on the research; the study would be descriptive but not causal. If i can not answer "yes" to each of these questions, then the external validity of my study is of research are four major classifications of research designs. Each of these will be discussed further ational research: there are many types of studies which could be defined as observational research including case studies, ethnographic studies, ethological studies, etc. These studies may also be qualitative in nature or include qualitative components in the research. This measure of time would be s are often classified as a type of observational ational research: in general, correlational research examines the covariation of two or more variables. For example, the early research on cigarette smoking examine the covariation of cigarette smoking and a variety of lung diseases. These two variable, smoking and lung disease were found to covary ational research can be accomplished by a variety of techniques which include the collection of empirical data. Often times, correlational research is considered type of observational research as nothing is manipulated by the experimenter or individual conducting the research. Nothing was controlled by the is important to not that correlational research is not causal research. In other words, we can not make statements concerning cause and effect on the basis of this type of research. This demonstrates the first problem with correlational research; we don't know the direction of the cause. As you can see from the discussion above, one can not make a simple cause and effect statement concerning neurotransmitter levels and depression based on correlational research. To reiterate, it is inappropriate in correlational research to make statements concerning cause and ational research is often conducted as exploratory or beginning research. Finally, the children were unaware that they were participants in an experiment (the parents had agreed to their children's participation in research and the program), thus making the study single blind. As such, it also limits the conclusions we can draw from such an research study. However, there are also instances when a researcher designs a study as a traditional experiment only to discover that random assignment to groups is restricted by outside factors. After a few months of study, the researchers could then see if the wellness site had less absenteeism and lower health costs than the non-wellness site. As no random assignment exists in a quasi-experiment, no causal statements can be made based on the results of the tions and conducting research, one must often use a sample of the population as opposed to using the entire population.
What is research method
Government may have that kind of money, most researchers do second reason to sample is that it may be impossible to test the entire population. For example, if i am a researcher studying patient satisfaction with emergency room care, i may potentially include the same patient more than once in my study. If they complete it more that once, their second set of data respresents a to statistics understand the use of statistics, one needs to know a little bit about experimental design or how a researcher conducts investigations. If they complete it more that once, their second set of data respresents a to statistics of psychological research wikipedia, the free to: navigation, d behavior rial and organizational. These methods vary by the sources of information that are drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or ative psychological research is where the research findings are not arrived at by statistical or other quantitative procedures. Quantitative psychological research is where the research findings result from mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical inference. Since qualitative information can be handled as such statistically, the distinction relates to method, rather than the topic are three main types of psychological research:Correlational mental following are common research designs and data collection methods:Computer simulation (modeling). The correct type from the different research methods can be a little daunting, at first. There are so many factors to take into account and article is a part of the guide:Select from one of the other courses available:Experimental ty and ical tion and psychology e projects for ophy of sance & tics beginners tical bution in er 18 more articles on this 't miss these related articles:4defining a research problem. Research question, ethics, budget and time are all major considerations in any is before looking at the statistics required, and studying the preferred methods for the individual scientific experimental design must make compromises and generalizations, so the researcher must try to minimize these, whilst remaining ‘pure’ sciences, such as chemistry or astrophysics, experiments are quite easy to define and will, usually, be strictly biology, psychology and social sciences, there can be a huge variety of methods to choose from, and a researcher will have to justify their choice. Whilst slightly arbitrary, the best way to look at the various methods is in terms of ‘strength’. Research first method is the straightforward experiment, involving the standard practice of manipulating quantitative, independent variables to generate statistically analyzable lly, the system of scientific measurements is interval or ratio based. When we talk about ‘scientific research methods’, this is what most people immediately think of, because it passes all of the definitions of ‘true science’. The researcher is accepting or refuting the null results generated are analyzable and are used to test hypotheses, with statistics giving a clear and unambiguous research method is one of the most difficult, requiring rigorous design and a great deal of expense, especially for larger experiments. The other problem, where real life organisms are used, is that taking something out of its natural environment can seriously affect its is often argued that, in some fields of research, experimental research is ‘too’ accurate. It is also the biggest drain on time and resources, and is often impossible to perform for some fields, because of ethical tuskegee syphilis study was a prime example of experimental research that was fixated on results, and failed to take into account moral other fields of study, which do not always have the luxury of definable and quantifiable variables - you need to use different research methods. These should attempt to fit all of the definitions of repeatability or falsifiability, although this is not always n based research n based research methods generally involve designing an experiment and collecting quantitative data. For this type of research, the measurements are usually arbitrary, following the ordinal or interval onnaires are an effective way of quantifying data from a sample group, and testing emotions or preferences. These figures are arbitrary, but at least give a directional method of measuring fying behavior is another way of performing this research, with researchers often applying a ‘numerical scale’ to the type, or intensity, of behavior. The bandura bobo doll experiment and the asch experiment were examples of opinion based definition, this experiment method must be used where emotions or behaviors are measured, as there is no other way of defining the not as robust as experimental research, the methods can be replicated and the results ational research ational research is a group of different research methods where researchers try to observe a phenomenon without interfering too ational research methods, such as the case study, are probably the furthest removed from the established scientific method. This type is looked down upon, by many scientists, as ‘quasi-experimental’ research, although this is usually an unfair criticism.
Observational research tends to use nominal or ordinal scales of ational research often has no clearly defined research problem, and questions may arise during the course of the study. Whilst the experiment cannot be replicated or falsified, it still offers unique insights, and will advance human studies are often used as a pre-cursor to more rigorous methods, and avoid the problem of the experiment environment affecting the behavior of an organism. Observational research methods are useful when ethics are a an ideal world, experimental research methods would be used for every type of research, fulfilling all of the requirements of falsifiability and r, ethics, time and budget are major factors, so any experimental design must make compromises. As long as a researcher recognizes and evaluates flaws in the design when choosing from different research methods, any of the scientific research methods are valid contributors to scientific knowledge.. Take it with you wherever you research council of ibe to our rss blakstad on chacademicwrite paperfor kidsself-helpsitecodelogintop ign upprivacy wikipedia, the free to: navigation, article is about the search for knowledge. For wikipedia's policy against directly including in articles the results of editor-conducted research, see wikipedia:no original zational ief sculpture "research holding the torch of knowledge" (1896) by olin levi warner. Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic, or in the example of a school research project, they can be used to further a student's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (r&d) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. Word research is derived from the middle french "recherche", which means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the old french term "recerchier" a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search'. Broad definition of research is given by godwin colibao: "in the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information, and facts for the advancement of knowledge. Merriam-webster online dictionary defines research in more detail as "a studious inquiry or examination; especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws". For the wikipedia policy, see wikipedia:no original al research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e. In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s), e. In some subjects which do not typically carry out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed or re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the researcher. Degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals and usually established by means of peer review. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines.
Scientific research is a widely used criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, but some argue that such is an inaccurate assessment of the institution, because the quality of research does not tell about the quality of teaching (these do not necessarily correlate). An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. Research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and ific research[edit]. Article: scientific y scientific research being carried out at the microscopy laboratory of the idaho national ific research equipment at lly, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:Observations and formation of the topic: consists of the subject area of one's interest and following that subject area to conduct subject related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the esis: a testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more tual definition: description of a concept by relating it to other ional definition: details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the ing of data: consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from or about these samples by using specific research instruments. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which states no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent ical research[edit]. Article: historical historian leopold von ranke (1795–1886), considered to be one of the founders of modern source-based historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following concepts are part of most formal historical research:[13]. Controversial trend of artistic teaching becoming more academics-oriented is leading to artistic research being accepted as the primary mode of enquiry in art as in the case of other disciplines. 14] one of the characteristics of artistic research is that it must accept subjectivity as opposed to the classical scientific methods. As such, it is similar to the social sciences in using qualitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis. Research has been defined by the university of dance and circus (dans och cirkushögskolan, doch), stockholm in the following manner - "artistic research is to investigate and test with the purpose of gaining knowledge within and for our artistic disciplines. To artist hakan topal, in artistic research, "perhaps more so than other disciplines, intuition is utilized as a method to identify a wide range of new and unexpected productive modalities". 19] most writers, whether of fiction or non-fiction books, also have to do research to support their creative work. Society for artistic research (sar) publishes the triannual journal for artistic research (jar),[21][22] an international, online, open access, and peer-reviewed journal for the identification, publication, and dissemination of artistic research and its methodologies, from all arts disciplines and it runs the research catalogue (rc),[23][24][25] a searchable, documentary database of artistic research, to which anyone can ia leavy addresses eight arts-based research (abr) genres: narrative inquiry, fiction-based research, poetry, music, dance, theatre, film, and visual art. 27] the florence principles relating to the salzburg principles and the salzburg recommendations of eua (european university association) name seven points of attention to specify the doctorate / phd in the arts compared to a scientific doctorate / phd the florence principles have been endorsed and are supported also by aec, cilect, cumulus and ic research[edit]. 30] the hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the method of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results.
Of research ying the purpose of ining specific research ication of a conceptual framework, usually a set of hypotheses[32]. And interpreting the ing and evaluating icating the research findings and, possibly, steps generally represent the overall process; however, they should be viewed as an ever-changing iterative process rather than a fixed set of steps. 33] most research begins with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study. 34] the literature review identifies flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study. Often, a literature review is conducted in a given subject area before a research question is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as empirical research. However, some researchers advocate for the reverse approach: starting with articulating findings and discussion of them, moving "up" to identification of a research problem that emerges in the findings and literature review. The reverse approach is justified by the transactional nature of the research endeavor where research inquiry, research questions, research method, relevant research literature, and so on are not fully known until the findings have fully emerged and been h rummel says, "... It is only when a range of tests are consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and methods can one have confidence in the results. In meno talks about an inherent difficulty, if not a paradox, of doing research that can be paraphrased in the following way, "if you know what you're searching for, why do you search for it?! Research room at the new york public library, an example of secondary research in e hilleman is credited with saving more lives than any other scientist of the 20th century. Goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or uctive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or cal research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical are two major types of empirical research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:This involves understanding human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior, by asking a broad question, collecting data in the form of words, images, video etc that is analyzed, and searching for themes. This type of research aims to investigate a question without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it can be expensive and time-consuming and typically limited to a single set of research subjects. Citation needed] qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses. Citation needed] qualitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of social media posts are used for qualitative research. Involves systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, by asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze it utilizing statistical methods. 39] statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories.
Citation needed] quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment). Citation needed] if this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used for the research. Research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights. Data has brought big impacts on research methods so that now many researchers do not put much effort into data collection; furthermore, methods to analyze easily available huge amounts of data have also been developed. Empirical -empirical (theoretical) research is an approach that involves the development of theory as opposed to using observation and experimentation. Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach. Typically empirical research produces observations that need to be explained; then theoretical research tries to explain them, and in so doing generates empirically testable hypotheses; these hypotheses are then tested empirically, giving more observations that may need further explanation; and so on. Mathematics research does not rely on externally available data; rather, it seeks to prove theorems about mathematical ch ethics[edit]. Ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research, including scientific research. These include the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation, animal experimentation, various aspects of academic scandal, including scientific misconduct (such as fraud, fabrication of data and plagiarism), whistleblowing; regulation of research, etc. Research in the social sciences presents a different set of issues than those in medical research[45] and can involve issues of researcher and participant safety, empowerment and access to justice. The increasing participation of indigenous peoples as researchers has brought increased attention to the lacuna in culturally-sensitive methods of data collection. Non-western methods of data collection may not be the most accurate or relevant for research on non-western societies. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility. 49] these limitations in turn result in the under-representation of scholars from periphery nations among the set of publications holding prestige status relative to the quantity and quality of those scholars' research efforts, and this under-representation in turn results in disproportionately reduced acceptance of the results of their efforts as contributions to the body of knowledge available nce of the open-access movement[edit]. Though western dominance seems to be prominent in research, some scholars, such as simon marginson, argue for "the need [for] a plural university world". 52] marginson argues that the east asian confucian model could take over the western could be due to changes in funding for research both in the east and the west. Focussed on emphasizing educational achievement, east asian cultures, mainly in china and south korea, have encouraged the increase of funding for research expansion.
52] in contrast, in the western academic world, notably in the united kingdom as well as in some state governments in the united states, funding cuts for university research have occurred, which some[who? Also: academic ranks, academics, and several national and private academic systems, the professionalisation of research has resulted in formal job present-day russia, the former soviet union and in some post-soviet states the term researcher (russian: научный сотрудник, nauchny sotrudnik) is both a generic term for a person who carried out scientific research, as well as a job position within the frameworks of the ussr academy of sciences, soviet universities, and in other research-oriented establishments. The term is also sometimes translated as research fellow, research associate, following ranks are known:Junior researcher (junior research associate). There is also a large body of research that exists in either a thesis or dissertation form. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields, from the print to the electronic format. A study suggests that researchers should not give great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently. Article: funding of funding for scientific research comes from three major sources: corporate research and development departments; private foundations, for example, the bill and melinda gates foundation; and government research councils such as the national institutes of health in the usa[57] and the medical research council in the uk. Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out their research but also as a source of social psychology network provides a comprehensive list of u. Government and private foundation funding an charter for of words ending in raduate of countries by research and development ipatory action logical research ch-intensive y for artistic ne of the history of scientific method. Oecd (2015), frascati manual 2015: guidelines for collecting and reporting data on research and experimental development, the measurement of scientific, technological and innovation activities, oecd publishing, paris. Resolving ethical challenges when researching with minority and vulnerable populations: lgbtiq victims of violence, harassment and bullying". Perspectives on artistic research and academia (chapter 11: the case of the journal for artistic research), leiden: leiden university press. Hughes, rolf: "leap into another kind: international developments in artistic research," in swedish research council, ed. Introduction to the responsible conduct of research | on being a scientist: a guide to responsible conduct in research (third ed. Commentary on cultural diversity across the pacific: the dominance of western theories, models, research and practice in psychology". Handbook of research methods in military studies new york: rsity has learning resources about y resources ces in your ces in other dictionary definition of research at ions related to research at ries: researchresearch methodsknowledgescientific methodhidden categories: articles with russian-language external linkscs1 maint: multiple names: authors listuse dmy dates from september 2017all articles with unsourced statementsarticles with unsourced statements from december 2012wikipedia articles in need of updating from may 2017all wikipedia articles in need of updatingall articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrasesarticles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from february 2017articles with limited geographic scope from january 2014articles containing russian-language textwikipedia articles with gnd logged intalkcontributionscreate accountlog pagecontentsfeatured contentcurrent eventsrandom articledonate to wikipediawikipedia out wikipediacommunity portalrecent changescontact links hererelated changesupload filespecial pagespermanent linkpage informationwikidata itemcite this a bookdownload as pdfprintable dia commonswikiquotewikiversity. See our privacy policy and user agreement for ch methods: basic concepts and this presentation? To research tion and types of vaisali ch methodology city union bank & classification of sent successfully! Related slideshares at ch methods: basic concepts and -refat refat, professor at zagazig hed on nov 3, ch is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events . Ahme-refat ag refat -refat ag the end of this presentation you will able to:1-define and explain the concept of scientific research, induction reasoning , theory, hypothesis and empiricism. Identify and explain the features and application of ries and sub- categories of research methods.
Refat ag -refat ag tion of ch is a scientific answering questions -refat ag tion of ch is the systematic ive analysis and recording lled observations that may the development of generalizations,Principles, or theories, resulting tion and possible control -refat ag tion of scientific research. Application of the point of view of application, there are two ries of research: pure & applied / basic research:Involves developing and testing theories and are intellectually challenging to the researcher or may not have practical application at the or in the future. The knowledge produced research is sought in order to add to the of research -refat ag d research is done to solve specific, ons; for policy formulation, administration tanding of a phenomenon. Situation, problem, phenomenon, service mme, or provides information about , say, ion of a community, or describes attitudes ptive research refers to research that provides te portrayal of characteristics of a dual, situation, or ptive research, also known as statistical -refat ag ptive studies are a means of. Discovering new meaning, describing what exists, determining the frequency with which , and categorizing ptive research deals with everything that can d and studied, which has an impact of the lives people it deals example, finding the most frequent disease s the children of a town. As it is used to describe and not make any is to start the research with it;. Correlational ational research refers to the igation or statistical study of relationships or more variables, without necessarily example, to test the hypothesis “ listening to blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of. Explanatory atory research attempts to clarify why and is a relationship between two or more aspects of ion or atory research is undertaken to explore an little is known or to investigate the possibilities aking a particular research study (feasibility practice most studies are a combination of the -refat ag refat. Quantitative everything that forms the research processobjectives, design, sample, and the questions that to ask of respondents- is is more appropriate to determine the extent of m, issue or phenomenon by quantifying -refat ag refat. The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt tand what is happening naturally in the to interpret the data gathered to see ations could be formed from the -refat ag enology: it focuses on individuals' their experience and the ways in which they researchers task is to describe phenomena enced and expressed by enological research an inductive, ch approach developed from ophy; its aim is to describe an experience as it ly lived by the -refat ag refat. Is an inductive approach to research eses and theories emerge out or are grounded research is a research approach designed to problems exist in a given social environment the persons involved handle them; it ation, testing, and reformulation of a theory is -refat ag is a research method that operates almost in e fashion from traditional research and at first to be in contradiction to the scientific method. In action research, chers work with the people and for the people,Rather than undertake research on them. The focus research is on generating solutions to fied by the people who are going to use the research. But it typically draws on s such as interviews and -refat ag -refat ag mental research is an objective, systematic,Controlled investigation for the purpose of predicting lling phenomena and examining probability ity among selected variables. Researchers manipulate and control the iv to study it' two groups (control versus experimental group). Refat ag scientific es the following steps:Identify an area of interest/research te a hypothesis from your a study to test your ate predictions based on your t data/e and interpret the data to test or reject the icate your results . Good research topic should be feasible (can be done),Interesting, novel, ethical and relevant (has ation). These criteria have been collectively -refat ag following are examples of factors to be considered,Depending on the category of research. It should be possible to recruit the number of ed to provide the answer to the research the timeframe of the planned research. The research facility available to the have the equipment, supplies and ements to undertake the research. The cost of doing the research must be affordable financial resources -refat ag research topic must be of interest to the to the scientific community. If the investigators excited about the topic, or cannot get sted in it, the project is probably not worth is essential that the investigator is familiar with the upto-date literature on the planned topic for the research must be expected to contribute -refat ag does not necessarily mean that the research been done before.
The not be about whether the study has been , but whether it will add to the existing body -refat ag l issues must be addressed at the early stage ing the research ethical issues will need to be addressed in research. Some ethical problems may indicate research should not be considered from the research topic involves experimentation on ts, the following issues should be considered. The research should not conflict with the society’al, moral, religious and legal -refat ag criterion can be called: the “so-what? Research methods knowledge base:The research methods knowledge base is a comprehensive web-based textbook ses all of the topics in a typical introductory undergraduate or graduate course research methods. Purpose of this guide is to provide advice on how to develop and organize a research paper in :///? 83009&sid=-refat ag -refat ag ng with course - linkedin ing learning course - linkedin ng online: synchronous course - linkedin uction to research tion and types of ch methodology & classification of sent successfully..
