Review of literature on child labour
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Back to resources searchchild labour, education, and health: a review of the literatureby peter dorman in ad pdf (836 kb)summarythis ilo paper reviews the rapidly-expanding literature on the relationships between child labour, education and health. With the renewed interest in child labour as an economic and social problem during the 1990s, researchers have attempted to assess its linkages to the core elements of human capital, hoping to solve continuing riddles in development policy and improve the quality of life for the world’s poorest and most disadvantaged review finds that the central questions of much of this research are wrongly posed, as they often fail to take into account the contexts of children and families around the world. The economic causes of child labour are not the same everywhere, nor are the cultural factors governing the role of children in society. All rights yterms of usesitemapweb design by labour and schooling in developing countries: of the paper shows that there is a trade-off between child labour ing. The costs (both direct and indirect cost) and benefits ion are considered by parents in making schooling and child ons. Evidence seems to support the view that although some help children to acquire human capital (in the form of ng, and the money earned from child labour makes school children themselves), in general, child labour lowers ition of education and human capital. Moreover, the adverse child labour on schooling outcomes is likely to be increased if spends more time on labour activities outside the home.
Literature review on child labour
Easy ed access to the credit market can significantly increase ance and reduce child labour. Uction of compulsory schooling in a given period and on from adults to elderly people in the following period could effective strategy to eradicate child labour. Therefore, it has that an increase in the supply of education is not enough school enrolment; the demand side of education should also ds: child labour, school attendance, school achievement,Costs of education and benefits of ial marketsdeveloping countriescost benefit : international journal of business research publisher: international academy of business and economics audience: academic format: magazine/journal subject: business, international copyright: copyright 2010 international academy of business and economics issn: : july, 2010 source volume: 10 source issue: er subject: cost benefit phic code: 0deve developing countries. Introductionmost of the literature on child labour has discussed the issue labour in connection with education. Connecting child labour ion is very logical, as child labour is defined as an ty of a child that affects the child's leisure, health ularly educational activities. Therefore, it points to a that every child, regardless of his or her background, should right to receive at least a minimum amount of schooling. This e childhood is considered as the best time for the acquisition ion, so childhood should be devoted to the accumulation of l, particularly through formal schooling. Also, as it is a widely held view that work reduces the ble for schooling by competing for the child's time with atives of schooling and leisure, it is therefore important to r child labour helps or hurts the accumulation of human capital en.
Determinants of child labour and schoolingthere is an increasing number of literature that has focussed labour and schooling. The results suggested that both economic and s are responsible for the choice between school attendance labour. For example, if the household head works in a it increases the likelihood of the child's ance. Canagarajah and coulombe (1997) found from their is that household's welfare is highly correlated with ipation and weakly correlated with the incidence of child s with a relatively high level of education are likely to have ve effect on the likelihood of the child working, s' education affects only school participation. Out from schooling completely to participate in the labour ashi and psacharopoulos (1999) found a positive effect of 's education and the availability of schools on ance of girls in tanzania. More siblings in the household make le for female children to avoid household chores and find time school. However, using data from bangladesh, khanam (2007) an increase in the number of pre-school children in the ses the probability that a girl will combine school with ve to the probability of study only. She also found that se in the number total household member raises the a school-age child will study only relative to the probability child will work only or combine work and study.
Impact of work on schoolingthere is a continued debate about whether working while in or hinders the prospect of a child. One school of thought a child can earn valuable human and psychological capital g while at school, in terms of self-esteem, competence,Responsibility and skills that make him or her confident to in school and later in the labour market (mortimer and johnson. These studies found that child labour does not ing, and perhaps, it makes school possible for working for their siblings. For instance, ravallion and wodon (2000), study on bangladesh, concluded that the adverse consequence labour on schooling is likely to be very small. 1999) found in western mexico that the academic performance of en is not lower relative to children who do not work, reduces the hours of human capital investment. Patrinos ropoulos's (1997) study on peru also documented that is not harmful for r school of thought, however, argued that child ely affects a child's human capital formation in various , for example, heady (2003), nielsen (1998), psacharopoulos (1997),Akabayashi and psacharopoulos (1999), canagarajah and coulumbe (1997),Gunnarsson et al. A study and suri (2001) on ghana found that an hour of child ses school attendance by . Khanam (2004) explored the n child work and both school attendance and school attainment en aged 5-17 years using data from a survey based in desh.
The central message from this study is that child ely affects the child's schooling, which is reflected school attendance and lower grade attainment. 2006) also found that child labour decreases the probability uous schooling for bangladeshi unesco also reported that about 18 per cent of children y school-going age, that is, 110 million did not go to school in. To available national surveys, from 50 per cent to 70 per working children combine schooling with child labour (ilo/unicef. In many third-world countries, children usually go to school hours and work for longer hours. Child labour and school achievementwhile most of the studies on the consequences of child labour ing have paid attention to school enrolment or attendance, only studies (see for example, heady 2003; psacharopoulos 1997; bedi 2003; gunnarsson et al. 2003 and rosatti and rossi 2003, ross 2008) have examined the effect of child labour on ement or cognitive attainment. Lower school enrolment ance may not represent the real consequences of child labour,Because these are simply indicators of time inputs for schooling, ng outcomes. Child labour could harm school achievement g school enrolment and even school attendance, which is reducing the leisure of a child.
A few studies have attempted fy the effects of child labour on learning outcomes rather school attendance or ghana, for instance, heady (2003) analysed the effect en's economic activity on their level of ement. Therefore, ded that children who worked as well as attending school lves as being less able to learn as a result of exhaustion or of time to complete homework or a diversion of interest away ic ing the household survey data from two latin ies, bolivia and venezuela, psacharopoulos (1997) concluded g children have three times more likely to fail a grade in found that child labour reduces the educational attainment by years of schooling for working children, relative to the en. S (2003) ing the effect of child labour on the academic achievements of american countries found that children who work sometimes home scored 12 per cent lower than the children who never worked labour market. Per cent lower than children who never ie and bedi's (2003) findings in rural ing the consequences of work on the formal human pment of children are interesting. Admassie and bedi detected ear relationship between the hours of work and the ance/reading and writing ability (rwa) of children. However, to suffer if a child worked between 16-22 hours per week, had no effect on school attendance. 2008) found that school attendance and grade attainment were lower en who were the above discussion it can be concluded that child school achievement in every country. Also, these adverse child labour on schooling outcomes are likely to be increased if spends more time on labour activities outside the home (heady.
Thus, the from the literature on child labour and schooling is that work can be useful for a child, in most cases the benefits of outweighed by its harmful effects on a child's physical, intellectual development. Costs and benefits of educationthe parents' decisions regarding whether a child will or work are influenced by the cost and benefits of education opportunities. Households incur direct costs (such as n, books and supplies and school uniforms) and indirect costs unity costs (such as time spent in the classroom, travel time, work at home) from enrolling a child in school. Therefore into account the direct cost as well as the opportunity cost ing a child in school. A child will be sent to work if the cost ing is higher than the benefit. Schooling creates s that have effects on children; on the other hand the cost ion is incurred in the short-term and will be borne by cost of schooling may vary substantially between countries countries. Similarly, ia, akabayashi and psacharopoulos (1999) revealed that in a lower school concentration children worked longer ore, poor school facilities, poor quality of education, and costly travel to school make it difficult even for the olds to send the children to school. On the other hand, even t families can send their children to school in areas where y free education is offered (grimsrud 2001, p.
This n why some studies fail to find an income effect in ipation the case of ghana, however, it is found that the cost ing can keep the children away from school (canagarajah be 1997). The cost of education is also found to be a r to school enrolment and completion for egyptian children (datt,Jolliffe and sharma 1997). It may also be the case that the high costs ion push the children in the labour market so that they can ing for themselves or for their siblings. Further, low or declining returns of schooling put extra households regarding the schooling decisions for the children, result may be that children are kept away from school to ional r, in many poor countries, the school curriculum is likely irrelevant to the practical needs, teachers are unqualified rienced, the logistical supports are negligible, and unavailable or very small compared to the number of students. As , quality education is almost absent, which discourages s from sending their children to school. Conclusions and policy issuesthe studies reviewed in this paper point out that there is -off between child labour and schooling. The costs (both direct ct cost) and benefits from education are considered by parents schooling and child labour decisions. Evidence seems to view that although some work can help children to acquire l (in the form of on-the-job training, and the money earned labour makes school possible for children themselves), in general,Child labour lowers the acquisition of education and human er, the adverse effect of child labour on schooling outcomes to be increased if a child spends more time on labour e the home.
Therefore, child labour has an opportunity cost in of forgone human elimination of child labour depends on the quality nce of education services. Sometimes formal education is, however,Too stiff and rigid to meet the demands of the poor children. On the other hand, informal education is too flexible, -quality education that cannot ensure further education and d of and improved access to the credit market can se school attendance and reduce child labour, as has been found the case in africa (canagarajah and nielson 1999). Ce, a targeted subsidy has been found to be very effective ng child labour (udry 2003). Targeted subsidy is not so effective in reducing child labour, as found to be effective to increase school enrolment and duration. Case, increased school enrolment and school attendance may come expense of leisure instead of labour. That if parents invest for a child's schooling in tion, children might not compensate their parents in the tion, as intergenerational contracts cannot be utive taxation can compensate parents for the forgone earnings children. Changing patterns of child labor around the world since 1950: of poverty, parental literacy and agriculture.
Impact of child labour on ance and school attainment: evidence from bangladesh", ational conference of the japan economic policy association. Child work and inants of school attendance and school attainment desh" proceedings of the 37th australian conference ists, goldcoast, australialavy, v. Sumobrain solutions labour and schooling in developing countries: of the paper shows that there is a trade-off between child labour ing.